阿尔金地区是我国少数几个地质矿产调查程度极低的地区之一，近年来国土资源大调查在此投入了大量工作，初步查明了区内矿产资源的分布情况、主要矿床类型和找矿潜力。研究表明，具有漫长地质演化历史的阿尔金成矿带发育类型较为齐全的金属、非金属和能源矿床，其中金、铜、铅、锌等矿种具有较大的成矿远景。重点介绍了该地区主要成矿系列的地质特征和典型矿床，在此基础上初步总结了该区的成矿规律和找矿方向。

喀腊大湾地区铁矿区发育的奥陶纪火山岩主要由碱性玄武岩和拉斑玄 武岩组成,碱性玄武岩具有类似OIB的地球化学特征,软流圈地幔物质参与了其熔融源区.拉斑玄武岩表现出富集LILE、Th和U,亏损HFSE和Nb- Ta,总体上表现出类似岛弧拉斑玄武岩的特征,来源于俯冲改造的岩石圈地幔,2类岩石同时出现在同一地质剖面上,共同代表了区域上早古生代弧后盆地的岩浆 作用.综合区域地质资料和本文的研究结果,认为喀腊大湾地区铁矿为形成于弧后拉张环境的火山-沉积改造型矿床,成矿物质主要来源于深部地幔.

The Great Dyke in Zimbabwe, which possesses abundant platinum, palladium, gold, chromium, nickel, copper and some other resources, is a major intrusion of mafic and ultramafic rocks formed at 2.5 Ga and one of the key regions for mineral exploration abroad. In order to attain the aim of "going out" for China's mineral exploration and provide basic geological information of geological survey and mineral exploration in the area of the Great dyke, the authors carried out the systematic interpretation of geometric elements and geological characteristics of the Great Dyke in Zimbabwe based on the ETM + data and verified the division of the magma chamber of the Dyke. Combined with the ZY-1 02C high spatial resolution satellite data, the authors identified and interpreted the shape, lithology, interior structures and mining activities of the Selukwe Subchamber. The results achieved show that, because of the difference between the west and east host rocks, the Selukwe Subchamber underwent deformations of different intensities. The ultramafic layers should be regarded as the major layers for the chromite exploration. Furthermore, the authors have discussed the method of "five scales" of the remote sensing technique in the geological survey abroad and provided the technical support for the remote sensing application.

津巴布韦大岩墙(简称"大岩墙")由形成于25亿a前的镁铁质-超镁铁质杂岩构成,盛产铂、钯、金、铬、镍、铜等矿产资源,是我国境外地质矿产资源勘查的重点地区之一。为适应我国矿产资源勘查开发"走出去"战略的需要,为大岩墙地区基础地质研究和找矿勘查快速提供基础资料,利用ETM + 卫星数据对大岩墙的几何要素和地质特征进行了系统解译,从遥感地质角度对大岩墙的岩浆房划分方案进行了验证; 利用ZY-1 02C高分辨率卫星数据对塞卢奎次岩浆房的形态、岩性、内部构造及矿业活动进行了详细解译和分析,提出其东西两侧围岩的不同是导致其变形强度差异的重要原因,超镁铁质岩层应是寻找铬铁矿的主要岩层; 并探讨了遥感技术在境外地质矿产勘查领域的"五尺度"工作方法,为遥感技术在境外地质调查中的应用奠定了技术基础。

Because of the harsh natural conditions and poor traffic conditions in West Kunlun, less geological work has been conducted in this area. This paper makes use of the high resolution remote sensing data in light of its advantages to carry out remote sensing survey, first analyzed the metallogenic geological conditions in the study area, and then established the interpretation marks of high resolution remote sensing in the mineralized zone. Besides, the ferric contamination anomaly has been extracted. Combining with field survey, Heiqia iron mineralization was found, which will provide new clues in terms of geological prospecting. According to its geological characteristics of remote sensing, a remote sensing geological prospecting model has been established and will provide the basis for future remote sensing metallogenic belt in West Kunlun to find similar minerals. The mineralized zone is an extension of the iron polymetallic deposits in the southeast; it is similar with many Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn-Au mineral deposits discovered in West Kunlun. There is greater prospecting potential toward southeast area, and the Heiqia iron mineralization is expected to become an iron polymetallic mineral deposit.

西昆仑地区自然地理条件恶劣,交通条件极差,导致该地区地质工作程度较低.在西昆仑艰险地区充分利用高分遥感数据的优势开展遥感调查,通过对研究区成矿地质条件分析,建立矿化带高分遥感解译标志和高分铁染异常提取,辅以适当的野外查证,黑恰铁矿矿化带的发现为地质找矿提供新的线索.根据其遥感地质特征建立遥感地质找矿模型,为今后在西昆仑成矿带上寻找类似矿产提供遥感依据.该矿化带是北侧黑黑孜江干铁多金属矿床向东南方向的延伸,其成矿特征与西昆仑已经发现的一系列层控碳酸盐岩型的铁-铜、铅、锌-金矿床的成矿特征相似,沿东南方向具有较大找矿潜力,有望形成有前景的铁多金属矿床.

In order to offer remote sensing information support to geological and mineral resources survey and exploration overseas, the authors conducted further study of geological phenomena and structural characteristics in target areas of Tajikistan on the basis of previous results and current field exploration, established interpretation marks for sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks, intrusive rocks, fault structure, fold structure and ring structure in southern Tajikistan area with reference to ring geomorphologic landscape, tune, and stripes shown on remote sensing images gathered by ZY-1 02C satellite. A comparative analysis of panchromatic multispectral camera(P/MS) data and panchromatic high-resolution camera(HR)data received by ZY-1 02C satellite demonstrates that the color of geological bodies in P/MS has stark contrast so that it is more convenient to establish regional tectonic structure and carry out interpretation on rock categories, whereas micro-topography, grains and details of geological bodies shown in HR are clearer, which is suitable for identifying lithological charateistics and minor structures, especially for types of stratified structure, granularity of clastic rocks, Quaternary, mining activities and rocks with unique components.

为了对境外地质矿产勘查开发提供遥感信息支持,在综合前人研究成果及野外验证基础上,对塔吉克斯坦帕米尔地区的地质和构造特征进行深入分析和研究; 根据不同地质体的特征影像,对照"资源一号"(ZY-1)02C星遥感图像中所显示的地貌景观、色调及纹形等,建立了塔吉克斯坦南部地区主要沉积岩、变质岩和侵入岩以及断裂构造、褶皱构造和环形构造等的遥感解译标志; 通过对ZY-1 02C星的全色/多光谱相机(P/MS)和全色高分辨率相机(HR)数据的遥感地质解译效果对比,认为P/MS数据中地质体的色调差异更为明显,易于建立区域构造格架、开展岩石大类解译; 而HR数据所反映地质体的微地貌、纹理及细节更为清晰,易于进一步识别各类岩性及小型构造,尤其对碎屑岩的粒度、层状构造类型、第四系、矿业活动以及特殊成分的岩石等具有较好的反映。

With the launch of domestic high-resolution satellites, the application of them to regional geological survey has become an urgent task. Based on the evaluation of original image, the authors employed ZY-1 02C and GF-1 images to explore the application potential of geological survey in West Kunlun high altitudes. The research indicates that ZY-1 02C and GF-1 images can not only satisfy the requirements of large-scale geological mapping but also present good application effect in tectonic interpretation and lithological information extraction, thus showing great potential in geological survey.

随着国产高分卫星的陆续发射,高分卫星数据在区域地质调查中的应用能力显得越来越突出。采用资源一号02C(ZY-1 02C)和高分一号(GF-1)卫星数据,在对原始数据质量进行评价的基础上,开展其在高海拔地区地质调查应用中的潜力分析。研究结果表明: ZY-1 02C和GF-1卫星数据已基本满足大比例尺地质制图的要求; 在区域构造解译和岩性信息提取方面已达到同等空间分辨率国外卫星数据的水平,在高海拔地区地质调查中有很大的应用潜力。

In order to study basic geology and distruibution regularity of mineral resources in Europe, the authors used Landsat ETM + data as the main information source in this study and, by means of remote sensing information technology, investigated characteristics of remote sensing images of Europe. On the basis of remote sensing geological interpretation of strata, rock mass and structure, combined with relevant data of geology and mineral resources, the authors employed the remote sensing interpretation map of geology and mineral resources of Europe at the scale of 1:5 000 000 and some other maps, and found some new geological bodies and different phenomena. Then the authors put forward some new opinions concerning basic geology and mineral distribution regularity in Europe. Finally, eight strategic areas which are beneficial to mineral exploration were delineated. All these achirvements provide a first-choice objective support for overseas investment and following geological mineral exploration in Europe.

为研究欧洲大陆基础地质和矿产分布规律,以Landsat ETM + 为主要信息源,应用遥感信息技术,研究了欧洲大陆的遥感影像特征,对欧洲大陆的地层、岩体、构造进行了遥感地质解译; 结合相关的地质矿产资料,编制了1:500万欧洲大陆地质矿产遥感解译图等系列图件,发现了一些新的地质体和地质现象; 在此基础上,对欧洲大陆基础地质和矿产分布规律的科学问题提出了一些新认识; 根据这些新认识,进行了矿产勘查的战略选区,筛选出俄罗斯科拉半岛穹窿地区、乌克兰地盾区和乌拉尔造山带北端沃尔库塔区等8处找矿有利地区,为境外投资战略决策和欧洲大陆矿产勘查战略选区研究提供了技术支持。

The utilization of multi-spectral remote sensing data to extract anomalies in western China is a fast and economical method, but the spatial resolution of the data available is low and the ferric contamination anomaly appears as mixed pixels so that the accuracy of extraction for ferric contamination anomaly is poor. In view of the deficiency of extraction for ferric contamination anomaly with low resolution remote sensing data, the authors, through analyzing the geological basis and spectral features of ferric contamination anomaly, determined the wave bands of high resolution remote sensing data, such as WorldView2 and IKONOS, and used principal component analysis to extract ferric contamination anomaly. A large-sized iron ore belt in Heiqia of Western Kunlun Mountains was found, and the ferric contamination anomalies coincident with the magnetite mineralization in Laobing of Western Kunlun Mountains were extracted. The results show that the accuracy of extracting ferric contamination anomaly with high resolution remote sensing data is satisfactory.

利用多光谱遥感数据提取异常信息在我国西部地质工作程度较低的基岩裸露、半裸露地区是一种快速经济的找矿手段。在目前常用的中、低空间分辨率遥感数据中,铁染异常多为混合像元,直接影响着异常信息提取的精度。针对这一问题,在分析铁染异常的地质依据和波谱特征基础上,确定了WorldView2和IKONOS等高分辨率遥感数据与铁染异常特征波谱范围相对应的波段,采用主成分变换方法进行铁染异常信息提取。在西昆仑黑恰一带基于IKONOS数据进行铁染异常信息提取时,新发现规模较大的菱铁赤铁矿化带; 在西昆仑老并一带基于WorldView2数据提取的铁染异常区与磁铁矿化范围基本吻合。研究结果表明,利用高分辨率遥感数据提取铁染异常的精度较高。

Remote sensing technology can getspectral information and tectonic information effectively and predict the ore-forming areas by extracting the remote sensing anomaly information from macroscopic view and multi-angles.In this paper,the authors have taken the metallogenic belt of East Kunlun and Altun mountains as an example,extracted the alterative anomalies information and tectonic information about the mineralization and ore-controlling structures by the use of image correction,pseudocolor composite and color spatial conversion,image enhancement,mask processing,image fusion,image mosaic,geological information comprehensive analysis and so on,established the prospecting model of remote sensing according to the alterative anomalies information,linear structure and ring structure,and carried out the metallogenic prediction in east Kunlun and Altun Mts.with the multi-source information technology.

通过提取遥感找矿地质异常信息,从宏观和多角度预测矿床存在的有利区域。以东昆仑—阿尔金地区为例,通过运用影像纠正、假彩色合成与彩色空间变换、图像增强处理(比值、主成分分析等)、掩膜处理、数据融合以及遥感异常信息多层次筛选技术、影像镶嵌、地质信息综合分析等方法,提取与成(控)矿作用相关的蚀变异常信息和构造信息,确定了基于蚀变异常与线环构造信息的典型矿物遥感找矿模型,并结合多源信息对东昆仑—阿尔金地区进行了成矿预测。

To compensate the insufficiency of previous studies shown by the low degree of refined extraction of remote sensing mineralization alteration and the limitation of the supporting role for advancing prospecting and exploration of Southwest Sanjiang deep porphyry copper deposits,the authors took into account the zoning characteristics of the mineralization alteration of the Pulang porphyry copper ore district in the central south segment of the southwest Sanjiang metallogenic belt,i.e., propylitization-sericitization-silicification and potassic alteration from outside to inside of the alteration zone and, on such a basis, analyzed the features of the characteristic minerals,the diagnostic spectra and ASTER remote sensing spectral response of the porphyry copper mineralization and alteration zonation. With the multifractal theory of "generalized self similarity" and "singularity" and the method of energy spectrum area (S-A),the authors probed into the enhancement and extraction methods for the weak information of the characteristic minerals in the porphyry copper alteration mineral zone under the condition of complex geological background,including the propylitization (chlorite and epidote),lithification (quartz and sericite),potassium (potassium feldspar) and silica (quartz). Through the field test of the remote sensing alteration zoning results and mineral identification,the reliability of the methods of enhancement and extraction of the remote sensing abnormal information for the porphyry copper ore alteration zoning was confirmed.

为弥补以往研究中遥感矿化蚀变信息提取精细化程度不高、对西南三江斑岩型铜矿深部找矿勘查推进支撑作用有限的不足,针对西南三江成矿带中南段滇西北普朗斑岩型铜矿区矿化蚀变分带从外至内呈青磐岩化—硅化绢云母化—钾化硅化分布的特点,分析斑岩型铜矿矿化蚀变分带的特征矿物组成、诊断性波谱及其ASTER遥感波谱响应; 采用多重分形"广义自相似性"和"局部奇异性"理论与能谱面积法(S-A法),探索复杂地质背景条件下斑岩型铜矿蚀变分带特征矿物,即青磐岩化(绿泥石、绿帘石)、硅化绢云母化(石英、绢云母)和钾化(钾长石)硅化(石英)等弱信息增强与提取方法; 通过对遥感蚀变分带结果进行实地查证及岩矿鉴定,印证了本文构建的斑岩型铜矿蚀变分带遥感异常增强和提取方法的可靠性。

The latest WorldView-2 high resolution satellite images were applied to remote sensing geological survey in Tashkurgan area of west Kunlun. According to optimum index factor (OIF) is selected the band combination B8-B4-B3which is suitable for geological interpretation and information extraction in the area. The result shows that band ratio highlights lithologies of diorite, marble, schist etc. and their boundaries, principal component transform enhances boundary between quartz-biotite schist and white granite body and presents different tones and brightness of schists in which content of some minerals is varied. Spectrum measurement of rocks and minerals in test area, lithology inversion and extraction of remote sensing mineralization anomaly information indicate that spectrum inversion effect is better on mono-mineral lithologies, such as marble. Result of the principal component transform of bands B1, B4, B8, B6 and Fe mineralization information extraction shows that PC3 is the characteristic component of iron stain. WorldView-2 data are suitable to carry out geological and mineral remote sensing survey and advantageous in both high ground resolution of optical characteristics and a certain spectral recognition capability and are effective not only for information extraction from large area but also for recognition of local outcrop of mineralization thus valuable to popularized.

在西昆仑成矿带塔什库尔干地区，利用WorldView-2高分辨率卫星数据开展了遥感地质综合调查研究，采用最佳指数法选择适于本区遥感解译及信息提取的8-4-3波段组合，利用波段比值、主成分变换等方法增强岩性、构造和矿化信息并进行地质解译；结果表明，波段比值可识别闪长岩、大理岩、片岩等多套岩性并突出岩性之间的界线，主成分变换能增强黑云石英片岩与白色花岗岩体间界线，并能对不同片岩因矿物含量差异而呈现的不同色调、明暗程度有较好的反映。岩矿波谱测试及岩性反演和遥感矿化异常信息提取研究工作表明，大理岩等单矿物岩石波谱反演效果较好，对B1，B4，B8，B6等4个波段进行主成分变换及铁矿化信息的提取结果表明，PC3分量是铁染异常的特征主分量。利用WorldView-2数据在西部裸露地区进行矿产地质遥感综合调查，既有高地面分辨率的光学特征，又具有一定的波谱识别能力，不仅能提取大范围的矿化蚀变信息，还可以识别局部的矿体露头，应用效果较好，值得推广。

Mineralization alteration remote sensing anomaly has been perfected based on ETM+/TM data, but al-teration remote sensing anomaly extraction achievement is very poor based on ASTER(Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) remote sensing data. In the study, we have rebulit alteration miner-alization spectral curves on ASTER remote sensing data based on representative alteration minerals reflectivity data in USGS standard spectral database. We think that four types ions information which are Mg-OH, Al-OH, CO32? and Fe3+　can be extracted. In the paper, a practical application example for Chengde area and Taihang-shang area in Hebei province as example, we have used modifying “de-interfered anomalous principal component thresholding technique flow” to extract the four types of ions information. The results of four types of ions infor-mation be extracted are same to the investigation in the field, which shows extracting the four types of ions infor-mation based on the ASTER remote sensing can be accepted.

基于ETM+/TM数据提取矿化蚀变遥感异常已趋于成熟, 而利用ASTER(先进星载热发射和反射辐射仪)遥感数据提取矿化蚀变遥感异常鲜有报道。本研究利用USGS波谱数据库中典型蚀变矿物反射率数据, 重建其在ASTER数据中波谱曲线研究表明, ASTER遥感数据可以提取Mg-OH、Al-OH、CO32?和Fe3+离子(基团)信息。热液矿床的蚀变围岩通常含有上述4种离子(基团), 它们的波谱特征是蚀变遥感异常提取的理论依据。本研究利用改进“去干扰异常主分量门限技术流程”, 以河北省承德地区和太行山区为例, 上述离子(基团)信息提取结果与野外实际分布相一致, 表明利用ASTER遥感数据提取上述4种离子(基团)信息是可靠的。

The development of remote sensing opens up greatly the people’s field of view and visual capabilities. People can really analyze a whole earth as a unified system. At present, with the characteristics of macroscopic, comprehensive, multi-scale and multi-level, remote sensing technology has become an indispensable means of geological work, and play an important role in many fields, such as geological survey，mineral exploration, geological environmental evaluation, geohazards monitoring, geological research, lunar and planetary exploration, et al..With the increasing in the resolutions (spatial, spectral, temporal, radiative) of sensors ,particularly the development in hyerspectral and radar interferometry, the observation scale of remote sensing has been increased greatly, the discrimination ability and identification accuracy has been improved significantly, which makes remote sensing a qualitative leap forward from discrimination to identificatification, from macro objects detection to micro component identification, promote remote sensing geology and its application to a newly higher level. .Firstly, the newly developments of remote sensing geology , the principle, methodology and modeling of ore prospecting using remote sensing are described briefly in the paper, and then, the principles, methodologies, technologic characteristics and keys about reflectance spectral measurement of rocks and minerals, digital processing of remotely sensed images, anomaly extraction from multispectral remote sensing images, hyperspectral mineral identification and mineral mapping, remote sensing mineral prospective model, surface deformation inverstigation and monitoring with radar interferometer, geohazard monitoring with remote sensing are discussed respectively, some research achievements and application examples are presented.

遥感的发展极大地拓宽了人类的视野和视觉能力，以其宏观性、综合性、多尺度、多层次的特点，已成为地质研究和地质勘查不可缺少的方面军，在地质调查、矿产勘查、地质环境评价、地质灾害监测和基础地质研究等方面都发挥了越来越大的作用。随着传感器分辨率（空间、光谱、时间、辐射）的不断提高，特别是高光谱和干涉雷达技术的发展，不仅极大地提高了遥感的观测尺度、对地物的分辨本领和识别的精细程度，而且使遥感地质发生了由宏观探测到微观探测，由定性解译到定量反演的质的飞跃，将遥感地质和应用都推向一个新的高度。本文首先简要介绍了遥感技术的发展及其意义，遥感地质找矿的原理、方法和遥感找矿模型，然后分别从岩矿波谱、遥感图像处理、多光谱蚀变异常提取、高光谱矿物识别与填图、InSAR地表形变调查与监测、遥感找矿模型、遥感地质灾害调查与监测7个方面介绍了遥感的基本原理、主要的技术方法、技术特点和技术关键、主要的应用领域，以及取得的一些研究成果和应用实例

Development of remote sensing technique has strongly related with studies of spectral feature of materials. According to tendencies based on between developments of spectral remote sensing and its geological application, this paper described the development and tendency of both basis and technique of discrimination for minerals and rocks. First of all, techniques of both the relationships between materials and spectra and the spectral physical models have been summarized and analyzed. So do developments of them. Secondly, the technique, the potential and the available of application for geology, which used multispectal and hyperspectral remote sensing data, have summarized and discussed. Finally, It is the most important to use spectral feature to extract geological genesis and to quantify the information of mineralization in geological remote sensing.

遥感技术的发展与地物光谱特征的研究密不可分。主要从光谱遥感发展与地质应用的趋势出发,从光谱遥感岩矿识别基础与识别技术方法两方面阐述了光谱遥感的研究进展。对于遥感岩矿的识别基础,主要阐述物谱关联和物理模型研究的技术方法与进展以及其对遥感地质应用的促进与深化。在技术方法方面,主要从多光谱与成像光谱两个层次上,分析利用光谱特征进行岩石矿物识别的研究进展及其潜力与可行性。强调了岩石矿物光谱特征在遥感岩矿识别与地质成因信息提取中的重要性。

The idea of synthetic integration for extracting and analyzing the geological information is put forward and discussed. Three integration modes, of hierarchical identification using various scales of remote sensing, of discrimination methods and techniques for minerals and rocks, and of spectral identification tree based on spectral frature of minerals and rocks, are primarily established. Of all, minerals or mineral assemblages discrimination are emphasized. Two combination analysis models for geological application, which are based on the single mineral identification and on the mineral assemblage identification using remote sensing, are established. It is most potential for extracting information of alteration and mineralization, and analyzing the geological environment. Both the gold deposit of Chicheng-chongli in Hebei Province and Cuprite district are as test areas, which used technique combination of both the synthetic integration and combination analysis models for geological application. The potassic altered mineral assemblage, which are strongly related to the genetic source for gold deposit, are extracted from Chicheng-chongli area in Hebei Province. The seven Mineralization and Alteration spots are extracted and confirmed. The geological genetic are analyzed effectively according to the intergrowth minerals which are discriminated using AVIRIS data at Cuprite district in U.S.A..

结合遥感技术的现状、发展趋势和资源环境应用需求，从遥感地质应用出发，提出多源遥感数据分层识别集成、基于岩矿识别技术体系集成和基于岩矿识别谱系集成的基本思路与框架，强调矿物或矿物集合体在遥感地质分类与识别中的重要性，初步建立矿物遥感地质分析模型，分析集成与模型在蚀变与矿化信息提取、地质环境评价等中的可应用性。