为了揭示四川盆地富有机质层段特征及不同类型剖面结构的产能规律,以四川盆地侏罗系自流井组大安寨段和三叠系须家河组须五段为研究对象,在野外实测剖面和钻井资料分析的基础上,结合区域沉积背景,利用泥地比、单层砂(灰)岩厚度等为标准,对陆相富有机质层段剖面结构进行了划分,并与北美Bakken组致密油气地层剖面结构和生产特征进行了对比.陆相富有机质层段可划分为致密砂(灰)岩型、富砂(灰)夹泥型、砂(灰)泥互层型、富泥夹砂(灰)型及泥页岩型等5种类型的剖面结构.富有机质层段中致密砂(灰)岩油气与页岩油气共存,其中页岩油气产出剖面主要集中于砂(灰)泥互层型、富泥夹砂(灰)型及泥页岩型剖面结构.陆相地层具有多产层特征,将富有机质页岩夹砂(灰)岩地层作为整体进行页岩油气勘探开发,应是今后陆相页岩油气地层重要的勘探开发思路.

页岩气是指吸附在页岩中的天然气或自生自储在页岩纳米孔隙中连续聚集的天然气。新世纪以来,美国发生的页岩气革命影响了世界油气资源格局;中国的非常规油气储存量非常可观,是世界上具有页岩气可采储量最大的国家;但页岩气地质条件、水平钻井、分段压裂等技术储备和页岩气管理经验等还面临很大挑战。近年来,中国大力推进页岩气的开发利用,中石化、中石油和延长油田三家公司在示范区块开发的成功,以及短时间内在勘探开发方面取得的技术突破,标志着中国页岩气的开发已取得了实质性突破。但中国今后是否采取页岩气开发对多元资本开放的模式,还需要进一步研讨。

摘　要： 我国非常规油气资源形式多样,分布广泛,资源潜力巨大,若能成功开发与利用,将可以弥补未来很长一个时期常规油气资源的不足,对于增加我国油气资源后备储量,提高油气产量,具有重要的战略意义.

油页岩是一种重要的替代能源资源,中国油页岩主要分布于中国15个省份(区),总查明资源储量329.89亿t,居世界第四位.其中,吉林省、广东省、辽宁省分别为174.27亿t、55.15亿t和45.05亿t,并分别占全国油页岩探明资源储量的52.83%、16.72%和13.65%.中国油页岩具有沉积时代以新生代为主,沉积环境以陆相为主的特征.中国高含油率的油页岩主要分布在新生代小型聚煤断陷盆地,而低含油率油页岩主要分布在晚白垩纪大型含油气坳陷盆地,且资源量巨大.中国小型断陷盆地油页岩,如桦甸油页岩的形成主要受构造、气候作用影响;而大型坳陷盆地,如松辽盆地油页岩的形成与全球缺氧事件有关,而缺氧事件常与海平面变化关系密切.新的评价体系把油页岩边界品位-含油率(ω)定为3.5%,并按不同品级、不同埋藏深度进行油页岩资源系统评价.坚持综合开发和利用,走炼油-化工-发电-多金属提取-建材一条龙联合生产是最佳开发利用途径.中国油页岩工业在中长期内将可实现油页岩工业化,具有广阔前景.

黔北地区位于上扬子地台区,断裂构造发育。该地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组海相沉积发育,以陆棚沉积为主,尤以深水陆棚沉积对页岩气形成有利。目标层位牛蹄塘组绥页1井资料分析的结果表明:牛蹄塘组有利潜质页岩主要位于该组下部,有机质丰度高、成熟度高、微裂隙发育、含气性好,页岩气的保存条件好,牛蹄塘组上段成为保存页岩气的良好盖层。牛蹄塘组页岩气地质特征分析表明,牛蹄塘组页岩气资源潜力较大。

四川盆地下志留统龙马溪组发育富含有机质页岩.作为页岩气的源岩,该套页岩在盆地内分布广泛,厚度大,有机质含量高,有机质类型好,热演化程度高,生气潜力大;作为储层,页岩中孔隙和裂缝发育,为页岩气提供了充足的储集空间,并且等温吸附实验也表明,页岩具有较强的气体吸附能力;由于页岩的致密性及抗构造破坏性,本地区构造条件满足页岩气成藏要求.多口井下志留统页岩的气测显示也为页岩气的存在提供了有利证据.根据页岩厚度、有机碳含量、热演化程度和生烃强度等信息,预测宜宾-自贡-泸州一带及达州-万县一带为页岩气的有利勘探区域. Abstract： There develops shale with rich organic matters in Longmaxi Formation of the Lower Silurian in Sichuan Basin.This shale with a great thickness is the source of shale gas and widely distributed in the basin.As the source,the shale is characterized as high organic content,good organic type and high organic thermal evolution degree.As the reservoir,there exits great quantity of cracks,porous and wrinkles,which offers sufficient accumulated space for shale gas.The isothermal adsorption test shows that the shale has strong ability of gas adsorption.The structural condition in this basin is available for forming shale gas reservoir.The gas shows of many wells drilled in the shale strata of the Lower Silurian in this area indicated the great potential of shale gas.The shale indexes of thickness distribution, organic carbon content, thermal evolution degree and gas generation level in Sichuan Basin show that Yibin-Zigong-Luzhou and Dazhou-Wanxian areas are the favorable zones for shale gas exploration.

页岩气是一种潜在资源量巨大的非常规天然气资源,具有开采技术要求高、开采寿命长、稳产周期长的特点.近些年来,严峻的能源紧张形势和能源价格的快速增长,使页岩气资源在全世界受到了广泛的重视.回顾了美国页岩气勘探开发的历史,总结了美国的页岩气发育情况,跟踪了世界其他地区(加拿大、欧洲)包括中国页岩气研究的最新进展情况.根据前人的资料,认为中国南方海相页岩和北方盆地的湖相页岩具有巨大的页岩气资源潜力.鉴于页岩气是一种非常规能源,对其研究具有重大的现实意义,建议中国相关部门加大研究投入力度,尽快开展页岩气资源战略调查和选区研究工作,加强技术攻关创新、引进和国际合作,探讨中国现实国情下的页岩气相关政策,以早日实现页岩气在中国的商业性开发,促进经济快速发展.

Silurian which is widely distributed in Upper Yangtze area in South China develops a set of excellent hydrocarbon source rocks deposited in the anoxic environment with still water, especially the Lower Silurian Longmaxi formation in the Sichuan basin in which black graptolite shale is most developed. Judged from the organic geochemical parameters of this formation and testing data of new drilled shallow shale gas wells in Changning structure in southern Sichuan basin, Silurian Longmaxi formation is characterized by high abundance of organic matter, higher maturity, rich microfracture and moderate buried depth, thus possessing favorable conditions to form shale gas reservoirs. The organic carbon content of shale with average thickness ranging from 40  80 m is more than 2% in such areas as Shizhu in East Sichuan, Lichuan in West Hubei, Luzhou in South Sichuan and Zhenba in North Sichuan while the maturity criteria of shale is mostly less than 3% in regions such as LuzhouYibingZigong, MajiangWeng'an in middle Guizhou, XiushanSongtao in South Sichuan and Jishou in West Hunan. There encounters gas logging abnormality, gas cut and well kicks when drilled Silurian shale formation in such exploratory wells as Yangshen2, Yang63,Yang9, Fushen1, Long32 and Tai15 etc. The existence of Silurian shallow shale gas is also proved by Changxin1 well in which the average volume of shale gas is 0.15 m3/t. There is good microfracture growth and high content of quartz and calcite in this set of shale characterized by brittleness. It is estimated preliminarily by the volume method that the Silurian Longmaxi formation has (4.0 ~ 12.4)×10 12 m 3 of shale gas in the Sichuan basin and its neighboring area, showing an enormous potential in exploring shale gas in this area.

广泛分布于中国南方上扬子地区的志留系为一套静水、缺氧环境下沉积的良好烃源岩，尤以四川盆地的下志留统龙马溪组黑色笔石页岩最为发育。从该套地层的有机地化参数、四川盆地南部长宁构造新完钻的页岩气浅井的分析测试数据看，龙马溪组有机质丰度高、成熟度较高、微裂缝发育、埋深适中，具有形成页岩气藏的优越条件。川东石柱—鄂西利川、川南泸州和川北镇巴地区的页岩有机碳含量大于2％，平均厚40~80 m；泸州—宜宾—自贡地区，黔中麻江—瓮安、川东南的秀山、松桃及湘西吉首地区，页岩的成熟度多小于3％；阳深2、阳63、阳9、付深1、隆32、太15等探井，在钻遇志留系页岩层段时均见到气测异常、气侵、井涌现象，长芯1井也证实了浅层志留系页岩气的存在，页岩气含量平均为0.15 m 3 /t；野外和岩心观察该套页岩微裂缝发育，岩矿组成显示石英和方解石含量较高，表明该区页岩脆性的特征；采用体积法初步估算的四川盆地及邻区龙马溪组页岩气资源量为4.0×10 12 ～12.4×10 12 m 3 ，显示了该区页岩气巨大的勘探潜力。

The reservoiring mechanism of shale gas is of the features of both the coalbedadsorbed methane and the conventionally trapped gas reservoirs，it showing a complicated multiplemechanism gradation character. In the reservoiring process of shale gas，the occurrence manner of the gas and the reservoiring type were gradually changed，and the abundance and enrichment degree of the gas were gradually increased. An whole process of the formation and evolution of shale gas reservoir may be divided into three stages，i.e. the absorption and accumulation stage，the expansion and cracking stage and the pistonlike driving or displacementlike migration stage. Relevant change in reservoiring condition and mechanism could control and influence the formation and distribution of shale gas reservoirs and the lithologic change and fracture development status played a control role in the occurrence and distribution of the gas in shale gas reservoir. The basic geological conditions of forming commercial shale gas reservoirs exist in many basins in China，in which Shuixigou Group in Tulufan Depression of Tuha Basin is one of the important horizons of shale gas generation.

对页岩气成藏机理进行了全面分析，获得了四个方面的认识。①页岩气成藏机理兼具煤层吸附气和常规圈闭气藏特征，体现出了复杂的多机理递变特点。②在页岩气的成藏过程中，天然气的赋存方式和成藏类型逐渐改变，含气丰度和富集程度逐渐增加。③完整的页岩气成藏与演化可分为3个主要的作用过程，自身构成了从吸附聚集、膨胀造隙富集到活塞式推进或置换式运移的机理序列。④相应的成藏条件和成藏机理变化对页岩气的成藏与分布产生了控制和影响作用，岩性特征变化和裂缝发育状况对页岩气藏中天然气的赋存特征和分布规律具有控制作用。研究了我国的情况，认为我国的许多盆地存在工业性页岩气藏发育的基本地质条件，其中，吐哈盆地吐鲁番坳陷的水西沟群是页岩气发育的重要区域之一。

页岩气是一类非常规天然气聚集类型,在中国找页岩气的实践还处于初期阶段,如何合理评价其资源量目前还没有成熟的方法,尤其针对陆相页岩气评价更缺乏借鉴和参考。文中在分析海相、陆相页岩的差异和特点的基础上,明确陆相页岩资源评价的条件和标准。针对延长探区中生界三叠系延长组页岩开展研究,在样品测试、含气量初评的基础上,对陆相页岩气的资源进行初步评价。对不同勘探程度和地质条件采用不同的资源评价方法,综合不同方法获得的结果认为,延长直罗—下寺湾区中生界陆相页岩气资源量达到（626.4～6 037.2）×108 m3,具有很好的勘探开发价值。

Based on field geologic section investigation, core observation, geologic test and drilling data, this paper analyzed the development characteristics, organic geochemical behavior, rock mineral features, reservoir properties and oil-bearing capability of shale of the seventh member of Dameigou Formation （ J 2 d7 ）in the northern margin of Qaidam Basin. The result shows that the shale with rich organic matter of J 2 d7is thick vertically and continuous laterally, with high organic abundance and good organic type to generate oil. The lithologic assemblage types of J 2 d 7shale are various, the percentage of brittle minerals is high, and it developed many kinds of pores and has high content of occluded oil. Comprehensive study demonstrates that shale of J 2 d7 has basic geological conditions to form shale oil,and it is the best favorable target for shale oil exploration. Yuka fault depression, Hongshan fault depression, Ounan sag and Delingha fault depression may be the favorable areas for shale oil exploration.

为研究柴北缘地区大煤沟组七段（ J 2 d7 ）页岩油形成条件，通过野外地质剖面调查与岩心观察、地质 实验与钻井资料相结合，对 J 2 d 7 泥页岩发育特征、有机地化特征、岩矿特征、储集性能及含油性等进行了 综合分析。 结果表明：柴北缘地区大煤沟组 J 2 d 7 富有机质泥页岩厚度大，横向分布稳定，有机质丰度高， 有机质类型较好，具有良好的生油能力； J 2 d7泥页岩段岩性组合类型多样，泥页岩脆性矿物含量较高，发 育多种储油孔隙类型；氯仿沥青“ A ”与 S 1 等指数较高，表明 J 2 d7 泥页岩具有较高的滞留油含量。 综合研究后认为，柴北缘地区 J 2 d 7 泥页岩段具备形成页岩油的地质条件，是该区大煤沟组页岩油气勘探最有利 的层段，鱼卡断陷、红山断陷、欧南凹陷和德令哈断陷等地区是页岩油勘探的相对有利区。

The geochemical characteristics of shale such as total organic content, type and maturity, shale sedimentary environment, geological characteristics, and scale of development were analyzed to study the geological characteristics and resource potential of lacustrine shale in the Lower Jurassic Ziliujing Formation in the Sichuan Basin. The Lower Jurassic Ziliujing Formation lacustrine shale is mainly developed in the Dongyuemiao and Da’anzhai members. The geochemical analysis of the organic carbon content, kerogen macerals, biomarker compounds and vitrinite reflectance of the shale samples showed that the total organic content is generally over 1.0%; the main organic type is II1-III, but type II1 is in the central part of the basin; the vitrinite reflectance value (Ro) is 1.05%-1.82%, thus the shale has a strong ability to generate gas. The thickness of the distributed Ziliujing shale is approximately 40-150 m, the average porosity is 1%-5%, and the permeability is 0.001×10-3-0.100×10-3 μm2. The lacustrine shale consists of different assemblages: pure shale, shale with imbedded lime band, and shale with thin-middle shell limestone. The shale has high quartz content, favorable for exploitation of shale gas; the lime band and the shelly limestone, which are developed in the shale can further improve the shale economic recoverability. The estimated shale gas resources of the Ziliujing lacustrine shale by volumetric method is about 3.8×1012- 8.7×1012 m3.

分析页岩有机质丰度、类型、成熟度等地球化学特征，及页岩沉积环境、地质特征和发育规模，研究四川盆地下侏罗统自流井组湖相页岩气地质特征及资源潜力。四川盆地自流井组湖相页岩主要发育于东岳庙段和大安寨段，页岩样品有机碳含量、干酪根显微组分、生物标志化合物和镜质体反射率等地球化学分析表明，页岩TOC值一般大于1.0%；有机质类型为Ⅱ1―Ⅲ型，湖盆中心主要为Ⅱ1型；Ro值为1.05%～1.82%，具有较强的生气能力。自流井组页岩厚度约为40～150 m，分布面积广，页岩平均孔隙度为1%～5%，渗透率主要为0.001×10-3～0.100×10-3 μm2。湖相页岩发育3种地层组合模式：纯页岩、页岩夹灰质条带、页岩夹薄―中层介壳灰岩，页岩中石英含量较高，利于页岩气开采；页岩中发育的灰质条带、介壳灰岩可进一步提高页岩储集层的经济可采性。容积法估算四川盆地自流井组湖相页岩气资源量约为3.8×1012～8.7×1012 m3。图8表1参22

South China is one of the most complex area with continental reconstruction. Under the evolution background of tectonic regime and heat system, different basin types had been shaped with the distinguishing feature of identical phase prototype basins coming to being combined and distinct phase archetype basins being superposed. Generally, South China has two stage prototypes of marine facies original mold from Palaeozoic Era to Early Indosinian and Mesocenzoic terrestrial facies antetype; the former being labeled by fluctuating sea level, being accompanied by ingression and regression of the sea, being presented by relatively integral cyclic depositional series, and shaping the marine facies prototype basin, and the latter undergoing relatively frequent tectonic events, having multiphase tectonic reworking on marine facies prototype basins and overlapping above last term prototype, creating varied conditions of bearing, storing, and capping. For JinhuaQuzhou basin is typical representation of Mesocenozoic land facies prototype basins, being situated in kernel place of South China, by studying its key elements of prototype and recognizing entirety through part, theoretical references can be provided for researching tectonic setting evolution history and filling history of Southeast China and even the whole South China, guiding denotation on the aspect of oil and gas exploration activity. JinhuaQuzhou Basin is one of the late Mesozoic rifted basins in Southeast China. It developed on the Premesozoic metamorphosed fold basement, mainly including three structural units of northern shallow depression zone, central uplift belt and southern hollow zone. Making use of analytic approach of basin prototype, tectonic events, deep seated structure, provenance, subsiding history, depocenter, basin boundary structure and cessation of deposition, and so on, were studied. JQ basin had undergone several evolutionary phases of early intracontinental compressing, late early Crataceous extending and drafting, late Crataceous depression, suppression of last stage of Crataceous and reformation of later stage. From research above, basin filling material was coming from ablation due to incipient fold and uplift of PreMesozoic formation and weathering denudation of mountain mass with the background of late period drafting, 〖JP2〗confirming that JQ basin had experienced uplifting and denuding events attributing to the mechanism conversion from extruding to pulling. These events had important affection on the shaping of rifting and half grabenlike basin. Sedimentation and subsidence center was in the vicinity of Quzhou with more or less translational migration during the three palaeolithofacies stages. From the study above, we can see that JQ basin has favorable oil and gas foreground, and these four structural traps of Qianjia, Shuiting, Yangtang and Jiangtang have major prospecting potentiality.〖JP〗 It is the property of local area that JinhuaQuzhou basin has tectonic framework of "one uplift and two depressions " with the northeastern strike direction. Being combined with the territorial structural framework, JinhuaQuzhou basin was controlled by westeastern basement tectonics of ageold Asian domain and restrained by deep seated structure. Kinetics contributing factor of every structural zoning of the basin presenting northeastern distribution was intimately related with the tectonic regime of age old Pacific Ocean. Since the sedimentation of Cretaceous Period, basin building and evolving main part had been controlled by crossfeed relationship of late Mesozoic structure, magma, deep lying and the basin itself of Southeast China, being affected by PreMesozoic mountain building and tectonic regime of age old Pacific Ocean. JiangshanShaoxing faulted zone was the important geotectonic unit border that had been governing areal structure, inner basin building and depositional sources of JinhuaQuzhou basin.

金衢盆地是中国东南部晚中生代断陷盆地之一，发育在前中生代变质褶皱基底之上，主要由北部浅凹陷带、中央隆起带以及南部深凹陷带三个构造单元组成。运用盆地原型分析方法，对盆地的构造事件、深部构造、蚀源区、沉降史、沉积中心、盆地边界构造和沉积间断等进行了研究。盆地经历了早期陆内挤压、早白垩世晚期伸展拉张、晚白垩世拗陷、白垩世末萎缩以及后期改造几个演化阶段。研究认为：盆地沉积物主要来自于早期褶皱隆升的前中生代地层的剥蚀以及晚期拉张背景的山体风化剥蚀，证实了金衢盆地经历过由挤压向拉张机制转换所致抬升剥蚀事件，这些事件对断陷箕状盆地的形成起了很大作用；盆地沉积沉降中心主要在衢州附近，而在不同的古岩相期又有一定位移的迁移。研究表明，盆地具有良好的含油气前景，钱家、水亭、杨塘和蒋塘4个构造圈闭具有较大的勘探潜力。

系统分析、总结了中国东南部地区中新生代地层的分布状况、沉积作用、构造特征,反映出地层分布总体上具NE走向、SE-NW的分带现象,现今盆地的面貌有五种不同类型及相应的几何形态.分析认为,中国东南部早、中侏罗世普遍为拉张裂陷沉积环境,在赣南、粤北、闽西一带发育双峰式火山岩;稍后可能受到区域性挤压,如皖南、浙西、赣东北等地有南东向北西逆冲的压性构造;早白垩世为火山喷发高峰期,研究区均不同程度发生了火山喷发,其中东南沿海发育大面积的火山岩;早白垩世以后华南全区转为拉张,发育大量中、小型断陷盆地等伸展型盆地;晚白垩世-第三纪地壳继续处于拉张松弛环境,形成以裂谷环境为主要特征的火山-沉积岩石组合.这些结果表明,早-中侏罗世受古特提斯构造域和太平洋构造域的共同影响,中侏罗世之后太平洋板块占主导,上述现象主要系太平洋板块在晚中生代不同阶段对中国东南部俯冲作用的方位、俯冲速率、俯冲角度有所变化所导致.

Jinhua-QuzhouBasin developed on the metamorphosed basement of Palaeozoic fold, and its formation and development was greatly influenced by pre-mesozoic tectonic framework and geological characteristics. In this paper, the author studied paleogeographic environment, sedimentary structure, depocenter and paleolithological changes etc., analyzed Jinhua-Quzhou Basin's history of formation and evolution and discussed its evolution of tectonic setting from Late-Mesozoic to Cenozoic. From what was studied, four conclusions have been reached: ①Jinhua-Quzhou basin was a fault basin because of compression and then extention; and its boundaries were mostly normal faults. ②In different areas of the basin, there were different stratigraphic sequences. ③Sedimentary facies: the distribution of Jinhua-Quzhou Basin's sedimentary facies varied in different stages, and to some extent, the evolution sequences were clear. Alluvial fan facies spread in northern and southern borders of Jinhua-Quzhou basin as alluvial fan apron with some differences. River facies and sand bank facies distributed in the middle of Jinhua-Quzhou Basin, locating in sectors between Quxian and Longyou. Delta facies included fan delta, braided delta and normal delta. Also, in areas we studied, there were lake facies, but shore shallow lake subfacies and semi-deep lake subfacies were the most important ones.

金衢盆地发育在古生代变质褶皱基底之上,前中生代的构造格架和地质特征对金衢盆地的形成与演化具有很大的影响。通过对金衢盆地的古地理环境、沉积构造、沉积中心以及岩相变化的研究;分析了金衢盆地的形成与演化历史,讨论了晚中生代—新生代的构造环境演化。研究表明:①金衢盆地是由挤压到拉张形成的断陷盆地,盆地边界大多为正断层;②地层序列在盆内不同位置变化较大;③沉积相:金衢盆地各时段沉积相的展布各具特色,并且演化序列比较清晰;冲积扇相以冲积扇裙的形式分布于盆地南北两缘,且有一定差异;河流及沙洲相分布于盆地中部,即衢县和龙游之间的区段;三角洲相主要有扇三角洲、辫状三角洲及正常三角洲;研究区发育湖泊相,其中滨浅湖和半深湖占绝对优势。

本文以福建、浙江两省野外露头实测为基础，建立了该区中生界层序地层格架，进行了烃源岩层系的沉积相研究。在采样分析的基础上，确定了该区烃源岩的分布范围和有机质特征，分析了烃源岩发育的控制因素，为该区及邻近东海海域的油气勘探提供了基础性研究研究成果。主要的认识和成果有： 1、闽浙地区中生代时期经历了4次大规模的区域性构造运动，形成了4个区域性不整合界面，将该区中生界划分为4个构造层序：上三叠统-中下侏罗统构造层序、上侏罗统-下白垩统早期构造层序、下白垩统晚期构造层序、上白垩统构造层序。 2、闽浙地区中生界发育的主要沉积体系包括：冲积扇体系、河流体系、湖泊体系、三角洲体系、滨浅海体系。其中，湖泊体系和滨浅海体系是烃源岩发育的主要沉积体系类型。 3、闽浙地区中生界发育两套主要的烃源岩层系，一套是上三叠统-中侏罗统烃源岩层系，以碳质泥岩和煤层为主，有机质类型多为腐植型，是良好的气源岩；另一套是下白垩统烃源岩层系，以暗色泥岩和油页岩为主，有机质类型多为腐泥型，是良好的生油岩。 4、闽浙地区中生界烃源岩的成熟度普遍偏高，均已达到成熟或过成熟阶段。但邻区东海海域的烃源岩成熟度相对较低，正处于生油高峰阶段，是寻找生油区的有利方向。 5、闽浙地区中生界烃源岩的发育，主要受到三个方面因素的控制：其一是区域性海侵事件；其二是盆地及沉积层序发育特征；其三是周期性火山活动。 6、闽浙地区中生代时期曾经历过两次区域性海侵事件：一次发生在晚三叠世-早侏罗世，海侵方向主要来自西南方向；另一次发生在早白垩世，海侵方向来自东南方向。 7、在层序地层格架中，低位体系域最不利于烃源岩的发育；水进体系域是最有利的烃源岩发育部位；高位体系域易于腐植型烃源岩的形成，形成良好的气源岩。

Great success of Barnett shale gas production in the Fort Worth basin has promoted worldwide exploration and development of shale gas. Analysis of the geologic features and knowledge of the regional geologic settings of the producing shale gas plays in North America are helpful for establishing shale gas accumulation patterns, searching for effective gas shale reservoirs, delineating of sweet points, and enhancing shale gas recovery. Shale gas of various geneses and various maturities accumulate in the Jurassic and DevonianMississippian in the craton basins and foreland basins of North America. Generally, the gas is mainly produced from the major source rocks of the petroleum system, especially the dark shale (type ⅠⅡ) of TST deposited in a lowenergy reducing environment with ascending current. Depositional environment and thermal maturity are the main factors controlling shale gas accumulation, while the level of fracture network development determines the commercial value of gas shale reservoirs. Therefore, palaeoclimate, palaeogeographic conditions, sedimentary environment and tectonic action jointly contributed to the formation and effective production of shale gas in North America.

Fort Worth 盆地Barnett页岩气藏的成功开发，极大地推动了全球页岩气勘探开发进程。分析北美地区已开发页岩气聚集区带油气地质特征，了解区域地质背景，有助于建立页岩气富集模式、寻找有效页岩气储层、确定“甜点”边界、提高采收率等。研究表明，北美克拉通盆地、前陆盆地侏罗系、泥盆系—密西西比系富集多种成因、多种成熟度页岩气资源，页岩产层通常是含油气系统中主力烃源岩，尤以受上升洋流影响、具有低能还原环境的海进体系域黑色页岩（腐泥型—混合型干酪根）为佳。沉积环境和热成熟度是页岩气富集区带主要控制因素，裂缝网络发育程度决定能否获取丰厚的商业价值。因此，古气候、古地理条件以及沉积环境、构造作用等因素的综合，使得北美页岩气资源形成并不断得到有效开发。

Unconventional petroleum especially shale oil and gas have great geological reserves and large exploitation potentiality, and petroleum in shale reservoir has achieved industrialized production in North America. Because of the properties of low permeability and low porosity compared with conventional reservoir, new geological methods and advanced technologies should be employed for unconventional reservoir research. Based on the study of shale reservoir in Eagle Ford, Marcellus and Hawkville, this paper proposed a series of newapproaches for exploration, evaluation and development of unconventional reservoir. Firstly, 2D and 3D seismic alongwith pilot well used to identify configuration and the boundary of the target basin, as well as the thickness and area of reservoirs. And then, core data were used to carry out log calibration so as to acquire comprehensive logging curve interpretation including logging data, petrophysical analysis data and seven properties of shale reservoirs. Combined with seismic identification technology, “sweet spot” and favorable reservoirs distribution were effectively predicted. Finally, geosteeringwas applied to allowthe well to stay within the target windowin reservoir, and combined with 3D seismic technology, designed scheme of hydraulic fracture stimulation for different geologic reservoirs. The successfully exploration of these newmethods can provide reference for the exploration, evaluation and development of tight oil/gas, shale oil/gas and coalbed methane in China.  

非常规油气资源丰富，商业开采潜力大，北美页岩油气已经实现工业化和商业化成功开采。因不同 于常规储层的低孔、低渗等特征，非常规储层的勘探、评价和开发需要一套新的技术和方法。在对北美已 经商业化生产的Eagle Ford，Marcellus 和Hawkville 等区块的页岩勘探、评价和开发技术调研的基础上， 总结出一套针对非常规油气勘探、评价及开发的方法。首先通过二维和三维地震技术以及试验井勘探，识 别盆地形态和边界、储层厚度和面积；其次通过岩心数据对测井曲线进行校正，获取包含测井资料、岩石 物理分析成果和“七性关系”处理的测井解释综合成果图，并结合地震识别技术，对有利储层及“甜点”区 分布进行预测；最后，应用地质导向技术，引导水平井钻井在相对高品质储层中持续安全稳定的进行，并 结合三维地震技术，针对不同地质储层情况设计不同的压裂增产方案，达到有效增产效果。这些新方法的 成功探索，能为中国致密油气、页岩油气及煤层气的勘探、评价和开发提供参考。

在系统研究美国页岩气成藏理论和成藏条件的基础上,分析了页岩气成藏的主要控制因素,分为内部因素和外部因素:前者指页岩本身的因素,包括有机质类型和含量、成熟度、裂缝、孔隙度和渗透率、矿物组成、厚度、湿度等;后者主要包括深度、温度和压力等.其中,有机质类型和含量、成熟度、裂缝及孔隙度和渗透率是控制页岩气成藏的主要因素.结合主要影响参数,建立了预测页岩含气的种类、比例和页岩气藏发育有利区的参数模型.运用此模型类比研究发现,中国南方古生界海相页岩层中,寒武系和志留系是页岩气发育的最有利层系.寒武系页岩气藏发育最有利区位于四川盆地和米仓山-大巴山前陆以及渝东、黔北、湘西-江南隆起北缘一线;志留系页岩气藏发育最有利区位于上扬子的四川盆地和米仓山-大巴山前陆和渝东-鄂西一带、中扬子鄂北以及下扬子苏南等地.并对各有利区的泥页岩指标进行分析,以期为中国页岩气早期评价提供参考.

摘　要： 中国页岩气勘探开发持续、快速升温,建立页岩气的评价标准及具体的地质选区评价方法是勘探开发的前提和基础。有利区的优选可为进一步勘探决策和深化研究提供重要的依据。通过参考大量国外页岩气勘探开发实例,总结了页岩气的主要地质特点,并从页岩的生气能力、储气能力、易开采性3方面,结合国外页岩气开发实践及地质地球化学参数和国内盆地的具体地质实际,筛选并界定了6项地质选区评价参数,建立了评价参数分级的标准。利用该评价标准,在某地区进行了地质选区评价方法的应用模拟,从而提出了相关地质选区评价程序和具体评价步骤。系统归纳了国内外常用页岩气资源潜力定量计算方法,结合中国地质背景的复杂性和页岩气勘探开发程度较低的现状,建议根据区块页岩资料掌握情况,综合利用类比法和容积法估算资源量。

盆地演化受地球演化节律所制约，节律由多层次构成。地球动力学旋回主要有３个级序１超级大陆旋回，主要由羽柱构造的地幔对流动力学所控制，产生超级大陆的裂解和拼合，形成全球性同步隆升与沉降的克拉通盆地２地槽旋回或造山旋回，主要由板块构造的岩石圈运动学所控制，按威尔逊旋回进展，发育各类盆地和造山带，形成区域性穿时开合与非对称互补３褶皱幕或裂陷幕，主要由地体构造与拆层作用几何学所控制，产生盆地内各种构造样式和沉积样式，形成地方性的穿时递进变形，发育幕式变形和幕式沉积作用等。

中国沉积盆地可以划分为克拉通盆地、裂陷盆地、压陷盆地和走滑盆地４大类．这些盆地在时间上受联合大陆形成和裂解两大构造阶段所影响，在空间上受特提斯构造域和太平洋构造域两大构造体系所制约．中生代和新生代盆地形成与古生代克拉通盆地和克拉通边缘盆地之间存在着反转性、再生性和新生性

浙江白垩系上部地层可划分为永康群、天台群和衢江群,长期以来,认为天台群和衢江群不整合覆于永康群之上.通过对代表性盆地岩石地层层序、古生物、同位素年龄资料的综合分析,发现三个群的下部地层(馆头组、中戴组和天台盆地的塘上组)为下白垩统,上部为上白垩统;天台盆地塘上组与仙居盆地小平田组为同物异名的早白垩世晚期火山岩层,覆于小平田组之上的“塘上组”是两头塘组的下部层位;永康生物群和衢江生物群的主要生物化石时代分别为早白垩世晚期和晚白垩世早期,但就两个生物群所涵盖的永康群和衢江群生物化石总体而言,其时代均应为早白垩世晚期至晚白垩世早期.永康群、天台群和衢江群是早白垩世晚期至晚白垩世时期的同期异相堆积,不存在相互叠覆关系.

根据浙闽赣粤地区出露的中深变质岩石构造组合、构造形迹和近年报道的同位素测年数据认为,中国东南部晚中生代火成岩之下存在一个前泥盆纪的变质基底.其中,前震旦纪的变质基底以呈面形分布的片岩、片麻岩及混合岩为特征,年龄值大于8亿年,是构成华南地区最古老的陆壳基底之一,俗称华夏古陆.9亿年左右,该陆块和扬子陆块碰撞,其缝合带为绍兴-江山-东乡-萍乡断裂带.稍后,受区域拉张构造事件的影响,它被裂解为三个走向各异、分布在浙东南-闽西北、赣中-赣南和云开三个地区的块体,分别呈NEE、NNE和NE方向展布.三者之间为巨厚的震旦纪-早古生代沉积物质所充填,并有复式岩浆岩流出现.研究表明,中国东南部晚中生代火成岩的基底构造至少经历过三期构造-热事件的演化.这种古构造格局,制约了中国东南部中生代大规模构造-岩浆活动、岩浆成分差异及其空间展布.

根据岩石地层学、生物地层学和年代地层学资料，将浙江省陆相白垩系划分为３统、５群、１７组，并将其所含化石划分为建德、水康、衢江三个生物群。以综合地层学手段研究了白垩系的区域地层对比框架。在多学科综合研究，特别是在对一些岩石地层成因机制进行深层次研究的基础上，对浙江白垩系主要的关键性、疑难性地层问题，提出了一些新的认识：（１）“塘上组”底部砾岩为与火山爆发有成因联系的湖泊重力流沉积，并非底砾岩，因而“天台群”不是“新的构造亚层”，而基本上是火山岩型永康群；（２）“塘上组”、“小平田组”等人山活动成因的“组”，都是中白垩世时局部性火山事件形成的不等时、不连续的地质体，不是层位固定的岩石地层单位；（３）中戴组、方岩组、“赤城山组”都是晚白垩世早期地壳重力均衡调整作用中，在不同地区形成的同一套类磨拉石建造，并非层位不同的“三套”类磨拉石建造。

Some problems of Cretaceous strata in southeastern China especialy the key horizones which are still in controversy were studied based on comprehensive stratigraphy including basin analysis, tectono-sedimentology, event stratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy, and some new understandings were put forward through synthetic analysis and judge on their genetic mechanism. It is recognized that the formation and evolution of basins, tectono-sedimentary cycles, sedimentary facies sequences and stratigraphic sequences, geological events are mainly controlled by the same episodic tectonic movement, so all of them are the geological records resulting from the same cause and expressed in different styles. There are close genetic connections and corresponding relationships among them and can be examed and complemented by each other, thus deepening relevant studies. New ideas about the following problems were proposed: the age of "Tangshang Formation", the existence of "Lishui Movement",the horizonal relationship between Yongkang Group and "Tiantai Group", as well as a-mong the molassoid formations such as Fangyan Formation, Zhongdai Formation and "Chichengshan Formation". Eventually, a regional correlation scheme of Cretaceous strata in southeasthern China was suggested.

笔者以盆地分析学、构造－沉积学、事件地层学、层序地层学等多学科手段对中国东南部白垩系进行综合研究，对过去有争议的、特别是关键性的地层问题，从成因机制上进行分析判断，并提出了一些新的看法。研究认为，该区盆地的形成与演化、构造－沉积旋回、地层相序与层序、地质事件等，主要受控于相同的慕式构造运动，是同一诱因形成的、表现形式不同的地质记录，因而彼此间有成因联系和对应关系，可以互相验证和补充，从而达到深化研究的目的。通过对上述手段所获信息的综合研究，对“塘上组”的时代归属、“丽水运动”是否存在、永康群与“天台群”以及方岩组、中戴组、“赤城山组”等类磨拉石建造间的层位关系等有争议的问题提出了新的认识。最后，还提出了中国东南部各省白垩纪地层的划分对比方案。

黑色岩系,作为众多多金属矿床的矿源层,具有重大的经济和科研价值而广受国内外学者关注.中国南方下寒武统黑色岩系中广泛产出大中型金属型矿床,如Ni-Mo矿、V矿及PGE矿.但同时作为能源矿产的页岩气在下寒武统黑色岩系中也广泛成藏,因此有必要研究两者之间的耦合关系.本文综述前人已经发表的黑色岩系的一些地球化学特征,特别是有机地球化学特征,初步揭示金属成矿与页岩气成藏之间的耦合关系,研究成果有利于进一步探讨黑色岩系型金属成矿与页岩气成藏的沉积古环境,对指导金属矿床与页岩气藏资源协同勘探及综合预测及开发具有重大科学意义.