湖南省保靖地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气成藏条件分析

引用本文

李斌, 崔春兰, 张跃恒, 胡博文, 罗群. 湖南省保靖地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气成藏条件分析[J].中国地质调查, 2019,6(3): 22-28.
LI Bin, CUI Chunlan, ZHANG Yueheng, HU Bowen, LUO Qun. Analysis of shale gas accumulation conditions in Niutitang Formation of Lower Cambrian in Baojing area of Hunan Province[J].Geological Survey of China, 2019,6(3): 22-28. 复制到剪切板

doi: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.03.03

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湖南省保靖地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气成藏条件分析

李斌¹, 崔春兰¹, 张跃恒¹, 胡博文¹, 罗群²

1.神华地质勘查有限责任公司,北京 100022

2.中国石油大学(北京)地球科学学院,北京 102249

第一作者简介: 李斌(1970—),男,高级工程师,主要从事页岩气地质学研究。Email: libin9600@sohu.com。

通信作者简介: 罗群(1963—),男,教授,主要从事非常规油气成藏与资源评价、盆地构造分析与油气成藏机理研究。

收稿日期: 2018-02-01

基金资助: 国家自然科学基金“致密油储层层理缝启闭与石油充注(项目批准号: 41672118)”项目资助

摘要

为评价湖南省保靖地区寒武系牛蹄塘组页岩气勘探潜力,利用野外地质调查及页岩气井勘探成果资料,结合钻井岩芯样品测试结果,研究了保靖地区牛蹄塘组页岩储层发育特征及其分布规律。保靖下寒武统牛蹄塘组发育被动大陆边缘浅海深水碎屑岩陆棚相黑色碳质页岩、深灰色泥岩、深灰色钙质粉砂岩。该页岩层系分布稳定,厚度较大(90 m),有机质丰度较高(1.48%~3.49%),为I型干酪根,成熟度较高(3.90%~4.86%),处于过成熟阶段; 脆性矿物含量较高(38.4%~50.5%),具较好的破裂潜力; 成岩作用较深,黏土矿物以伊利石和伊蒙混层为主; 页岩孔隙度中等(0.50%~4.24%),渗透率极低(0.000 5×10^-3~0.014 6×10^-3 μm²)。储集空间有晶体矿物晶面溶蚀孔、矿物边缘溶蚀孔、有机质溶蚀孔、黄铁矿晶间孔、成岩作用解理缝和构造裂缝。综合分析认为,湖南省保靖地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组具有较好的页岩气成藏地质条件,裂缝发育区可促进页岩气聚集,在保靖县东部昂洞—泽碧一带可以加大勘探力度。

关键词: 页岩气; 牛蹄塘组; 成藏条件; 沉积环境; 储集空间; 湖南保靖

中图分类号:P618.13;TE132.2 文献标志码:A 文章编号:2095-8706(2019)03-0022-07

Analysis of shale gas accumulation conditions in Niutitang Formation of Lower Cambrian in Baojing area of Hunan Province

LI Bin¹, CUI Chunlan¹, ZHANG Yueheng¹, HU Bowen¹, LUO Qun²

1. Shenhua Geological Exploration Co., Ltd., Beijing 100022, China

2. College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China

Abstract

In order to evaluate the exploration potential of shale gas in Cambrian Niutitang Formation in Baojing area of Hunan Province, using the data of field geological survey and gas well exploration results, combined with drilling core sample test results, the authors studied the reservoir characteristics and distribution of Niutitang Formation in Baojing area of Hunan Province. The black shale, dark grey mudstone and dark grey calcareous siltstone of passive continental margin deepwater shelf was deposited at Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in Baojing area of Hunan Province. The shale layer was stable in distribution, large in thickness (90 m), high in organic matter (1.48%~3.49%) with I type kerogen, high in maturity (3.90%~4.86%) at over mature stage. The content of brittle minerals in reservoir was high (38.4% ~ 50.5%), and it had better fracture potential. Diagenesis was deeper and clay minerals were mainly illite and illite mixed layers. The shale porosity was medium (0.50%~4.24%), and the permeability was very low ((0.0005 ~ 0.0146)×10^-3 μm²). The reservoir spaces included crystal faces corrosion pores of crystal minerals, mineral marginal dissolution pores, organic matter dissolution pores, pyrite intergranular pores, cleavage joints by diagenesis and structural fractures. Through comprehensive analysis, the authors believed that Niutitang Formation in Baojing area of Hunan Province has good geological condition of shale gas and the fracture developed area can promote shale gas accumulation, so exploration efforts in Angdong-Zebi area in eastern Baojing County showld be increased.

Keyword: shale gas; Niutitang Formation; accumulation condition; depositional environment; reservoir space; Baojing County of Hunan Province

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0 引言

近年来, 针对扬子地区牛蹄塘组和龙马溪组开展了页岩气勘探研究工作, 在四川盆地及周缘威远— 长宁、富顺— 永川、涪陵焦石坝地区的龙马溪组页岩取得重大发现, 相继建成页岩气先导试验区和产能示范区, 进行工业化开采^{[1, 2, 3]}。而下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩分布面积广、厚度大^[4], 四川盆地周缘陆续在多口探井发现页岩气显示或低产气流, 但无工业化开采的前景。近期, 中国地质调查局在湖北宜昌古隆起斜坡带鄂宜页1井调查中取得了重大发现, 该井初步显示具有6.02× 10⁴ m³/d、无阻流量12.38× 10⁴ m³/d的高产页岩气流。这一发现, 重新引起了人们对四川盆地周缘牛蹄塘组的重视。神华地质勘查有限责任公司从2013年开始在湖南保靖地区进行页岩气勘探, 开展了专项区域地质调查和页岩气探井工作, 针对牛蹄塘组实施了一口探井(保页2井), 获得了阶段性研究成果。本文应用探井与野外地质调查资料, 分析研究区页岩气成藏地质条件, 以期为下一步页岩气勘探提供理论依据。

1 区域地质概况

湖南省保靖地区页岩气区块大地构造位置处于中扬子地区的东南部, 主体位于湘鄂西隔槽式冲断褶皱带内的桑植— 石门复向斜内^[5], 东南以保靖— 慈利断裂带与雪峰隆起相接, 西北以齐岳山断裂带与渝东隔挡式褶皱带相隔, 北部延伸至大巴山断裂前黄陵背斜与宜昌背斜处, 南部抵达滇黔桂交界区(图1)。湖南保靖页岩气区块主体为由3个NNE向的向斜和背斜组成的复合结构, 背斜区出露寒武系娄山关组— 奥陶系宝塔组, 剥蚀严重, 地形平缓, 向斜区出露志留系— 三叠系, 地形崎岖, 地层倾角较大。研究区东南部发育由多条NNE— NE向逆冲断层组成的保靖— 慈利断裂带, 断裂带经历了多期次活动, 造成东南部出现多个地堑, 地堑内地层平缓。

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	图1 湖南保靖地区区域地质图Fig.1 Regional geological map of Baojing County in Hunan Province

湘鄂西隔槽式冲断褶皱带位于扬子板块与华夏板块两大地质单元结合部的中扬子地区, 经历了晋宁运动、加里东运动、海西运动、印支运动、燕山运动和喜马拉雅运动等多期构造运动, 形成现今的复杂山区地形^{[6, 7, 8]}。晋宁运动以后, 研究区作为扬子板块的组成部分, 基底基本固结, 并开始接受盖层沉积^[9]。南华纪时, Rodinia超大陆裂解, 扬子板块沿东南缘与华夏板块裂离, 并接受沉积^[10]。震旦纪南沱冰期后, 中扬子东南部大陆拉张加剧, 华南洋盆形成, 冰川消融, 海平面上升, 发生海侵, 湘鄂西地区发展为成熟的被动大陆边缘浅海陆棚环境, 沉积了广泛分布的震旦系碳酸盐岩和黑色页岩^{[8, 11]}。寒武纪早期, 华南洋盆持续扩张, 海平面快速上升, 湘鄂西地区海水底部流通不畅, 形成了还原环境, 沉积了下寒武统牛蹄塘组厚层黑色碳质页岩, 为页岩气的生成提供了物质基础^{[6, 7, 12]}。

2 地层分布特征与沉积相分布

2.1 地层分布特征

据保页2井钻井地质研究, 湘西北保靖地区牛蹄塘组沉积厚度为90 m, 与下伏地层留茶坡组硅质岩及上覆石牌组碎屑岩均为整合接触(图2)。

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	图2 保页2井牛蹄塘组地层综合柱状图Fig.2 Niutitang Formation comprehensive stratigraphic column of Baoye 2 well

牛蹄塘组下部总体为黑色碳质泥岩, 致密块状构造, 裂缝不发育, 沿层面发育脉状、透镜状、条带状、粉末圈层状、晶簇状黄铁矿, 从下向上, 黄铁矿比例增加。

牛蹄塘组中部为深灰色钙质粉砂岩夹黑色碳质泥岩。裂缝不发育, 层面可见黄铁矿及方解石脉状条带, 黄铁矿比例较下伏地层明显减小。粉砂岩颗粒以碳屑、黄铁矿及方解石晶体为主, 钙泥质胶结。钙质胶结物、黄铁矿粉末分布不均匀会在粉砂岩中形成多个纹层条带, 条带呈灰白色, 滴酸气泡明显。

牛蹄塘组中上部为黑色碳质泥岩与深灰色含钙粉砂岩互层。钙质含量不均匀分布会在粉砂岩中形成灰白色水平纹层。粉砂岩颗粒以碳屑、方解石晶体为主, 钙泥质胶结, 裂缝不发育, 断面处见黄铁矿颗粒。黑色碳质泥岩为致密块状构造, 裂缝不发育, 顺层面可见黄铁矿脉体、黄铁矿结合体, 局部夹钙质粉砂岩。

牛蹄塘组顶部为深灰色钙质粉砂岩, 致密块状构造, 发育灰白色条带和水平纹层。粉砂岩颗粒以碳屑为主, 胶结物为钙质或泥质。裂缝不发育, 局部见垂直层面的裂缝, 被方解石脉充填。断面处可见黄铁矿颗粒, 局部可见泥岩撕裂屑。

2.2 沉积相分布

从地层序列来看(图2), 牛蹄塘组主要岩性为黑色、灰黑色、深灰色碳质泥岩、钙质粉砂岩、泥岩等, 黄铁矿大量发育, 为还原环境下沉积所致。从震旦系上统留茶坡组到寒武系下统石牌组均为浅海碎屑岩陆棚沉积相, 沉积物均以黑色— 深灰色碳质泥岩、硅质岩、粉砂质泥岩、钙质粉砂岩等为主。从下向上分析, 震旦系上统留茶坡组到寒武系下统牛蹄塘组中下部主要沉积了黑色碳质泥岩和硅质岩, 为深水盆地亚相滞留盆地沉积微相; 而牛蹄塘组上部到石牌组, 则主要沉积了深灰色粉砂质泥岩、钙质粉砂岩, 为陆棚缓坡亚相深缓坡— 中缓坡沉积微相。

经与湖南古丈剖面、常页1井剖面对比研究, 并参阅前人研究成果^[13], 可以推断保靖— 慈利断裂带以西地区为浅海碎屑岩陆棚沉积相, 而保靖— 慈利断裂带以东地区为陆棚斜坡沉积相, 沉积了黑色碳质泥岩或黑色硅质泥岩, 而湖北省南部地区, 由于鹤峰古陆的存在, 主要分布碎屑岩台地沉积相(图3)。

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	图3 湘西地区沉积相展布^[14]Fig.3 Sedimentary facies map of West Hunan^[14]

3 页岩气成藏地质条件分析

3.1 有机地化特征

多数盆地研究表明, 页岩气的含量与有机质丰度具有良好的正相关关系。保页2井地球化学测试表明, 寒武系牛蹄塘组有机质丰度为0.43%~1.82%(表1), 从下向上有机质丰度逐渐降低。古丈野外实测剖面中寒武系牛蹄塘组有机质丰度为1.98%~8.99%, 常页1井寒武系牛蹄塘组有机质丰度为2.0%~17.6%^[14]。平面上从西北向东南有机质丰度增高。受沉积环境控制, 斜坡区的有机质含量明显高于浅海碎屑岩陆棚区, 总体上都有较好的生烃能力。

表1 保页2井牛蹄塘组有机质丰度 Tab.1 Organic abundance of Niutitang Formation in Baoye 2 well

泥页岩中干酪根成熟度不仅可以用来预测烃源岩的生烃潜能, 还能影响页岩中吸附在有机物质表面的页岩气产量, 是页岩气成藏的重要因素之一。从目前美国勘探开发情况看, 对于热成因的页岩气藏, 页岩的高成熟度(> 2.0%)有利于页岩气的生成^[14]。保页2井中实测牛蹄塘组成熟度为3.17%~5.02%, 平均为4.92%, 处于过成熟阶段, 从上向下镜质体反射率(R_o)值逐渐增大(表2)。在古丈野外实测剖面中测得牛蹄塘组有机质成熟度为3.48%~4.96%, 平均为4.41%。常页1井中测得牛蹄塘组成熟度为2.0%~4.5%, 平均为3.92%。总体上, 碎屑岩陆棚区和陆棚斜坡区牛蹄塘组页岩热演化程度均较高。根据邻区热演化史和生烃史研究^[14], 牛蹄塘组页岩在侏罗纪经历生气高峰, 之后进入晚期干气阶段, 具备形成页岩气藏的成熟度条件。

表2 保页2井牛蹄塘组有机质成熟度 Tab.2 Organic matter maturity of Niutitang Formation in Baoye 2 well

3.2 地层厚度与埋深

有机质页岩的厚度是页岩气成藏富集的基本条件。据国内外研究报道^{[15, 16]}, 有机质页岩厚度超过30 m才具有页岩气开发的商业价值。保页2井寒武系牛蹄塘组厚度为90 m, 古丈野外实测剖面为80 m, 慈利南坪剖面牛蹄塘组厚度为426 m, 常页1井牛蹄塘组厚度为500 m。从西北向东南, 从碎屑岩陆棚区到陆棚斜坡区, 牛蹄塘组厚度增加。

寒武系牛蹄塘组在中上扬子地区全区分布, 但由于后期的强烈构造运动在湘鄂西形成了隔槽式褶皱带, 向斜区剥蚀较少, 背斜区剥蚀较多。湖南保靖地区马蹄寨向斜中心埋深2 800~7 253 m, 背斜区埋深1 800~2 411 m。保页2井布置在马蹄寨向斜的东南翼, 开孔层位为志留系龙马溪组, 完钻井深3 275 m, 牛蹄塘组埋深3 000 m。湖南保靖地区的埋深范围适宜于页岩气的封存。

3.3 储层岩矿特征

据保页2井探井岩芯及野外地质剖面测试可知, 湖南保靖寒武系牛蹄塘组脆性矿物含量较高(38.4%~50.5%), 从上向下脆性矿物的含量有增加的趋势。其脆性矿物的成分主要为石英(72.4%~83.5%)、钾长石(13.4%~23.5%)、黄铁矿(3.4%~7.5%)、斜长石(0.4%~0.8%), 方解石含量较少(0.04%~0.08%)。黏土矿物以伊利石(57%~66%)、绿泥石(16%~23%)和伊蒙混层(5%~10%)为主, 说明湖南保靖寒武系牛蹄塘组已经历了晚成岩作用阶段, 其原生孔隙较少, 次生孔隙增多。

3.4 储层物性

物性测试分析可知: 页岩孔隙度中等(0.50%~4.24%), 从上向下有增加的趋势; 渗透率极低(0.000 5× 10^-3~0.014 6× 10^-3 μ m²), 从上向下也有增加的趋势, 满足页岩气开发的下限(1.0× 10^-7μ m²)^[17]。

3.5 储集空间特征

湖南保靖地区寒武系牛蹄塘组中主要发育溶蚀孔、基质晶间孔、有机质孔、微裂缝4种储集空间类型。

溶蚀孔指泥页岩中碎屑颗粒内部、矿物晶体表面及其边缘由于溶蚀作用形成的次生孔隙。溶蚀孔隙可以进一步分为矿物边缘溶蚀孔(图4(a))和矿物晶面溶蚀孔(图4(b))。扫描电镜下观察到矿物晶面溶蚀孔隙呈不规则似椭圆状, 长轴直径0.2~0.8 μ m; 矿物边缘溶蚀孔多呈缝隙状或三角形孔隙-缝隙状, 宽0.01~0.1 μ m, 长5~10 μ m。

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	图4 保页2井牛蹄塘组页岩存储空间类型Fig.4 Shale reservoir space type of Niutitang Formation in Baoye 2 well

基质晶间孔主要有黏土矿物层间孔或矿物晶体间孔隙(以黄铁矿为主)2类, 研究区多见矿物晶体间孔隙(图4(c))。牛蹄塘组黑色泥页岩中黄铁矿极其发育, 电镜下多呈草莓状集合体出现, 晶粒间存在大量孔隙, 直径为0.1~0.3 μ m, 储集能力较强, 其连通性较好, 是重要的页岩气储集空间。

有机质孔指有机质内部原生孔隙或有机质生烃后内部残余的次生孔隙或溶蚀孔隙。湖南保靖地区牛蹄塘组有机质在成岩矿物间主要呈浸染状分布, 局部呈条带状或呈云层状, 形成的原生孔隙一般较大, 直径0.1~0.5 μ m。由于成岩作用较深, 酸性物质的溶蚀作用强烈, 常在有机质内部形成筛状孔隙(图4(d)), 直径0.01~0.08 μ m。有机质孔隙发育较多, 且储集能力较强, 也是重要的页岩气储集空间。

微裂缝按其成因可分为成岩缝和构造缝。成岩缝是在成岩过程中形成的岩屑颗粒、矿物晶体、黏土矿物、有机质等内部或边缘形成的微裂缝。研究区发现方解石重结晶形成的解理缝, 宽0.01 μ m, 长12 μ m(图4(e))^[13], 该种裂缝连通性较好, 储集空间较大, 但研究区发育较少。构造缝是因构造作用形成的裂缝, 一般定向性排列, 且规模较大, 常以多组相关裂缝共生排列存在。构造性裂缝是页岩储层中最重要的一类储集空间, 也是页岩气运移的渗流通道(图4(f)), 但研究区构造型裂缝发育仅存在于某一段岩层中, 且裂缝的密度较小。

3.6 含气性特征

湖南保靖地区保页2井牛蹄塘组中零星发现页岩气显示, 气测值很低, 但等温吸附测试分析可知, 在温度30 ℃、压力10 MPa下, 实验显示吸附气量为3.02~4.68 m³/t。页岩的吸附量与压力、总有机碳含量(Total Organic Carbon, TOC)呈线性关系, 显示页岩具有较强的吸附能力(图5, 图6)。常页1井牛蹄塘组中实测含气量为0.5~2.1 m³/t, 达到页岩气开发的潜能。常页1井牛蹄塘组岩芯中有机碳含量略高于保页1井, 但储层中裂缝的发育密度远大于保页1井裂缝的发育密度, 是页岩气能够富集的根本原因。湖南保靖地区裂缝发育区为下一步的勘探方向。经区域地质综合分析, 位于保靖— 慈利断裂带附近的保靖县东部昂洞— 泽碧一带, 夹于多条断层之间, 微小断裂发育, 协调性裂缝极其发育, 埋深1 900~2 000 m, 可能为页岩气富集区, 应加大勘探力度。

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图5 页岩的吸附气量与压力的关系Fig.5 Relationship between adsorption gas and pressure in shale

	Figure Option View Download New Window
	图6 页岩的吸附气量与TOC含量的关系Fig.6 Relationship between adsorption gas and TOC in shale

4 结论

(1)湖南保靖下寒武统牛蹄塘组形成于被动大陆边缘浅海碎屑岩陆棚沉积环境, 发育厚层黑色碳质泥页岩, 为页岩气的生成提供了物质条件。

(2)湖南省保靖地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组分布稳定, 有机质丰度较高(1.48%~3.49%), 成熟度较高(3.90%~4.86%), 脆性矿物含量较高, 具备页岩气生成的基本条件。

(3)湖南保靖地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气最重要的储集空间为溶蚀孔隙、黄铁矿晶间孔隙、有机质孔隙和微裂缝4种类型。

(4)构造型裂缝不仅是重要的储集空间, 也是孔隙连通的重要途径。裂缝发育区具有页岩气勘探前景, 是下一步的勘探方向, 应加大勘探力度。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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2016

0.0

... 永川、涪陵焦石坝地区的龙马溪组页岩取得重大发现,相继建成页岩气先导试验区和产能示范区,进行工业化开采^[1,2,3] ...

2015

0.0

王志刚. 涪陵页岩气勘探开发重大突破与启示[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2015, 36(1): 1-6.

China marine shale gas field is characterized by wide distribution and richness in resources.But compared with North America, because of suffering multi-stages tectonic reworking, China marine shale is older and more mature, as a result, it is unique in preservation condition and buried depth.Based on these features, the theory of ‘three-element enrichment’, whose cores include the conditions of hydrocarbon generation, reservoir conditions and shale gas preservation conditions, is put forward.On this basis, shale gas exploration is focused on Sichuan Basin and its peripheral regions, and the Lower Silurian of Southeast region of Sichuan Basin is chosen to be the preferred breakthrough field for shale gas exploration by China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation.Shale gas zone and the target evaluation method is set up, and Jiaoshiba Block of Fuling is as the target area.And in 2012, well Jiaoye 1 was drilled, and discovered the first large shale gas field in China, i.e.marine shale gas field of Longmaxi Formation in Jiaoshiba Block.Drilling technologies and multi-stage fracturing technologies were developed for the marine shale with shallow to moderate burial depths.The rapid and highly efficient development of the Jiaohsiba shale gas field was realized through effective management under the guidance of integrated exploration and development.

China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation, Beijing 100029, China

中国海相页岩气分布领域广，资源丰富，但与北美相比，具有页岩时代老、热演化程度高的特点；同时由于经历多期次的构造改造，具有保存条件和埋深差异大的特殊性。针对这些特点和特殊性，提出了生烃条件、储集条件和保存条件为核心的页岩气“三元富集”理论。以此为指导，中国石化集团公司的页岩气勘探向四川盆地及其近缘聚焦，确定川东南地区下志留统是首选的页岩气勘探突破领域。建立了海相页岩气区带和目标评价方法,优选涪陵焦石坝构造为页岩气突破目标，2012年部署钻探焦页1井，一举发现了中国首个大型页岩气田——焦石坝龙马溪组海相页岩气田。同时，借鉴、集成和研发关键技术，形成了中、浅层海相页岩气钻井技术和大井段分段压裂的海相页岩储层改造技术。在勘探开发一体化的工作思路指导下，通过精细高效的组织管理实现焦石坝大型页岩气田的快速高效开发。

... 永川、涪陵焦石坝地区的龙马溪组页岩取得重大发现,相继建成页岩气先导试验区和产能示范区,进行工业化开采^[1,2,3] ...

2010

0.0

... 永川、涪陵焦石坝地区的龙马溪组页岩取得重大发现,相继建成页岩气先导试验区和产能示范区,进行工业化开采^[1,2,3] ...

2015

0.0

... 而下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩分布面积广、厚度大^[4],四川盆地周缘陆续在多口探井发现页岩气显示或低产气流,但无工业化开采的前景 ...

2016

0.0

李斌. 湖南保靖地区龙马溪组页岩气成藏条件分析[J]. 特种油气藏, 2016, 23(5): 12-16.

湖南保靖地区是页岩气勘探新区块。通过多口页岩气钻井的勘探实践，应用岩心描述、有机地球化学测试和扫描电镜观察等方法，系统总结了研究区下志留统龙马溪组页岩气成藏地质条件，并揭示其富集成藏的主控因素，为下一步勘探部署提供理论依据。湖南保靖地区下志留统龙马溪组黑色页岩分布广、厚度较大、有机质丰度高、热演化程度高、岩石中硅质含量高、储层裂缝发育程度高、孔渗条件较好、埋深适中，储集空间和运移通道充足，气测值较高，具有形成页岩气藏的有利地质条件。预测保靖县东南部甘溪—大坨地区为页岩气勘探有利区。

... 石门复向斜内^[5],东南以保靖#cod#x02014 ...

2015

0.0

... 湘鄂西隔槽式冲断褶皱带位于扬子板块与华夏板块两大地质单元结合部的中扬子地区,经历了晋宁运动、加里东运动、海西运动、印支运动、燕山运动和喜马拉雅运动等多期构造运动,形成现今的复杂山区地形^[6,7,8] ...

... 寒武纪早期,华南洋盆持续扩张,海平面快速上升,湘鄂西地区海水底部流通不畅,形成了还原环境,沉积了下寒武统牛蹄塘组厚层黑色碳质页岩,为页岩气的生成提供了物质基础^[6,7,12] ...

2016

0.0

2009

0.0

刘新民, 付宜兴, 郭战峰, 等. 中扬子区南华纪以来盆地演化与油气响应特征[J]. 石油实验地质, 2009, 31(2): 160-165, 171.

This artical analysed the basin evolution since Nanhua period in the Middle Yangtze region,and pointed out it undergo Caledonian,Hercynian-Early Yanshanian and Late Yanshanian-Himalayan three basin-mountain evolution cycle,rearched the response characteristics of hydrocarbon to basin evolution.The development characteristics and controlling factors of sourse rocks and reservoir rocks,and the control of paleouplift to hydrocarbon were analysed.Before Early Indosinian period,hydrocarbon migration were controlled by paleouplift.Parallel migration were main manner,and hydrocarbon were accumulated.In Late Indosinian-Early Himalayan period,the hydrocarbon were mainly destroied and regulated.The short range vertical migration were main manner.Hydrocarbon accumlation were finalizd in Late Himalayan period.

Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Jianghan Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, Qiangjiang, Hubei 433124, China

分析了中扬子区南华纪以来的盆地演化史,指出其先后经历了加里东期、海西期—早燕山期、晚燕山期—喜山期3个大的盆山演化旋回,每个旋回都经历了早期的盆地初始沉降、盆地大规模发育到最后闭合造山的过程.结合盆地演化分析,探讨了不同时期油气的响应特征,重点分析了烃源岩、储集岩的发育特征、控制因素以及古隆起对于油气成藏的控制作用,指出早印支期以前油气运移基本受古隆起控制,以侧向运移为主,是油气藏的建设时期;晚印支—早喜山期油气藏以调整、破坏为主,小范围内的垂向运移是主要的运移方式;晚喜山期是油气成藏定型时期.

... 震旦纪南沱冰期后,中扬子东南部大陆拉张加剧,华南洋盆形成,冰川消融,海平面上升,发生海侵,湘鄂西地区发展为成熟的被动大陆边缘浅海陆棚环境,沉积了广泛分布的震旦系碳酸盐岩和黑色页岩^[8,11] ...

2012

0.0

... 晋宁运动以后,研究区作为扬子板块的组成部分,基底基本固结,并开始接受盖层沉积^[9] ...

2012

0.0

... 南华纪时,Rodinia超大陆裂解,扬子板块沿东南缘与华夏板块裂离,并接受沉积^[10] ...

2013

0.0

王必金, 包汉勇, 郭战峰, 等. 湘鄂西区寒武系层序划分及其对油气勘探的意义[J]. 石油实验地质, 2013, 35(4): 372-377.

The systematic analyses of outcrops and drilling profiles and the tests of reservoir samples and dark mudstones from Cambrian in the western Hunan-Hubei indicate that the Cambrian in the study area can be divided into 6 third-order sequences, and the sequence boundaries are mainly unconformity surfaces and lithologic transitional surfaces. Oolitic limestones/dolomites are the most favorable reservoirs in Cambrian. They mainly distribute in the transgressive system tract of sequence 5, and a few of them locate in the highstand system tract of sequences 4 and 5. The content of total organic carbon (TOC) varies obviously among dark mudstones in the Lower Cambrian. The dark mudstones rich in TOC distribute in the highstand system tract of sequences 1, while those in the upper formation have lower TOC content. The transgressive system tract of sequence 5 which deve-lops thick oolitic limestones/dolomites is the main target for normal exploration. The highstand system tract of sequences 1 which has higher TOC content is the main target for shale gas exploration.

SINOPEC Jianghan Oilfield Company, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China

通过对湘鄂西区寒武系大量露头和钻井剖面的系统分析及对寒武系主要储层样品和下部暗色泥页岩样品的分析测试,认为湘鄂西区寒武系可划分为6个三级层序,其层序界面主要为不整合面和岩性转换面;鲕粒云岩/灰岩是寒武系物性最好的储集岩,其主要分布于SQ5的海侵体系域,另外在SQ4和SQ5的高位体系域也有少量发育;寒武系下部暗色泥页岩中有机碳含量相差悬殊,丰度较高的暗色泥页岩主要分布于SQ1高位体系域,之上的泥页岩有机质丰度均较低。发育了较厚鲕粒云岩/灰岩的SQ5海侵体系域是常规油气勘探的主要目的层,而有机碳含量较高的SQ1高位体系域为页岩气勘探的主要目的层。

2011

0.0

牟传龙, 周恳恳, 梁薇, 等. 中上扬子地区早古生代烃源岩沉积环境与油气勘探[J]. 地质学报, 2011, 85(4): 526-532.

The early Paleozoic sedimentary basins in middle-upper Yangtze region were mainly cratonic-marine basin (∈-O2) and the back-bulge basin which developed above the craton basin (O3-S).Due to the constraints of the dominative factors such as the regional tectonics, paleoclimate and the eustatic sea level change and so on, the sedimentary environments in favor of the formation of hydrocarbon source rocks were formed, meanwhile the physical foundation for the generation and reservoir of the petroleum and gas hydrocarbon accumulation was also laid. Early Cambrian, the sedimentary environment of the middle and upper Yangtze region mainly appeared as the neritic environment, the substance Phosphorus brought by the ascending currents and stably distributed black shale were all deposited, the stratum of the Meishucun Formation and Qiongzhusi Formation were the representatives. From Middle-Late Ordovician to Early Silurian, the sedimentary environment of the back-bulge basin was the limited neritic environment, where formed the hydrocarbon source rocks, which were represented by the black shale of the late Ordovician’s Wufeng Formation and the Early Silurian’s Longmaxi Formation. The favorable facies belt of the above-mentioned hydrocarbon source rocks taking on the planar distribution in the middle-upper Yangtze region, were the hydrocarbon-rich depositional areas, and also were the major and first choice areas of carrying out basic geological survey and oil and gas exploration in the Early Paleozoic marine stratum in the Yangtze region.

中上扬子地区早古生代沉积盆地主要表现为克拉通海相盆地（∈-O2）和发育在克拉通之上的隆后盆地（O3-S）。由于受区域构造作用、海平面变化以及古气候等主控因素的制约，形成了有利于形成烃源岩的沉积环境，奠定了油气生烃成藏的物质基础。早寒武世，中上扬子地区主要表现为浅海环境，沉积了由上升洋流带来的磷质物质以及分布稳定的黑色页岩，以梅树村组和筇竹寺组地层为代表。中晚奥陶世至早志留世，隆后盆地为局限的浅海环境，形成了以晚奥陶世五峰组和早志留世龙马溪组的黑色页岩为代表的烃源岩。上述的烃源岩的有利相带呈面状分布于中上扬子地区，为该区的富烃沉积区，是中上扬子地区早古生代海相地层开展油气基础地质调查和油气勘探的重要和首选地区。

2015

0.0

... 经与湖南古丈剖面、常页1井剖面对比研究,并参阅前人研究成果^[13],可以推断保靖#cod#x02014 ...

... m(图4(e))^[13],该种裂缝连通性较好,储集空间较大,但研究区发育较少 ...

2015

0.0

周庆华, 宋宁, 王成章, 等. 湖南常德地区牛蹄塘组页岩特征及含气性[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2015, 26(2): 301-311.

The Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in Changde region of Hunan Province is regarded as an important shale gas exploration layer.The Niutitang Formation is mainly composed of carbon-enriched siliceous shale,carbonaceous shale and stone coal.Based on the observation of field outcrops,well cores and regional geology data,integrating with analysis of rock organic geochemistry,mineral content,reservoir space type,physical mechanical properties and gas content,the features of shale in Niutitang Formation are studied in detail.The results indicate that shale in the Niutitang Formation is characterized by stable thickness and wide distribution areas,high organic carbon content,high levels of thermal evolution,large specific surface area with micro pore and fracture,and good gas adsorption ability.The mineral composition is dominantly clastic quartz and clay minerals,with feldspar,calcite,dolomite,pyrite and so on.The shale reservoir with high brittle mineral is easy to fracture.The shale real thickness of CY1 well is more than 310m,and the gas content is 0.5-2.1m3/t.It shows good reservoir conditions.The comprehensive evaluations by this paper indicate that this area has good shale gas exploration prospect.

1.College of Geosciences,China University of Petroleum(Beijing),Beijing 102249,China； 2.China Huadian Green Energy Co.Ltd,Beijing 100160,China

下寒武统牛蹄塘组是常德地区重要的页岩气勘探层位之一，岩石类型主要为富炭硅质页岩、炭质页岩和石煤。以单井地质分析为基础，结合区域地质和露头资料，对常德地区牛蹄塘组黑色页岩有机地球化学、岩矿组成、储集空间类型、力学性质、含气性等进行了研究。该区牛蹄塘组地层相对稳定、分布范围广、页岩厚度大、有机碳含量高、有机质类型好、热演化程度高，孔隙和微裂缝发育，比表面积大、吸附气能力强，脆性矿物含量较高，具备良好的可压裂性。CY1井揭示牛蹄塘组页岩厚度大，含气量达到0.5～2.1m 3 /t，具有良好的储集条件。综合研究认为常德地区牛蹄塘组具有较好的页岩气勘探潜力。

... 6%^[14] ...

... 0%)有利于页岩气的生成^[14] ...

... 根据邻区热演化史和生烃史研究^[14],牛蹄塘组页岩在侏罗纪经历生气高峰,之后进入晚期干气阶段,具备形成页岩气藏的成熟度条件 ...

2015

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张廷山, 彭志, 杨巍, 等. 美国页岩油研究对我国的启示[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2015, 27(3): 1-10.

Shale oil is liquid hydrocarbon reserved in effective argillaceous source rocks with free phase, adsorbed and dissolved phase. Recent years, America has achieved great success in commercial shale oil production, whereas shale oil research in China is still in its infancy with more related theory innovations. Based on shale oil characteristics and experience of American shale oil exploration and development, this paper analyzed and summarized the research progress and some significant cognition in shale oil forming conditions, reservoir features, accumulation mechanism and evaluation method at home and abroad. The systematical comparison of shale oil characteristics between China and America shows that Chinese shale oil mainly deposited in semi-deep and deep lacustrine, and black shale spreads widely, featured by great thickness, complex structures with frequent sandy interbedding. Preferable shale rich in organic matter usually coexists with other lithologies in laminated texture, and the kerogen type of organic matter is predominantly sapropelic with R o of 0.5%～1.2% and TOC more than 2.0%. Relative high content of fine-grained carbonate and clay exceeding 50% results in a poor reserving capacity. Hydrocarbon-generation condition and reserving capacity significantly control lacustrine shale oil accumulation, simultaneously with additional preserving conditions taken into account in strong tectonic activity areas, such as in the rifted basins. Mixed-type and fractured-type shale oil overall have a huge exploration potential, and the matrix-type follows. In order to promote shale oil research and realize shale oil production earlier in China, the fundamental researches should be on the basis of theories study, and prominently focus on hydrocarbon occurrence, micro pore structure, retained oil accumulation mechanism, structure- preserving condition, evaluation system and resource evaluation method. The purpose of these studies is to provide theoretical guidance for the high efficient exploitation of shale oil in China.

1. State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation ， Southwest Petroleum University ， Chengdu 610500 ， China ； 2. School of Geoscience and Technology ， Southwest Petroleum University ， Chengdu 610500 ， China ； 3. Department of Development ， PetroChina Tarim Oilfield Company ， Korla 841000 ， Xinjiang ， China

页岩油是指以游离态、吸附态及少量溶解态赋存于泥页岩层系中的原油，目前已在美国实现商业开采，而我国页岩油研究起步晚，相关基础理论研究还比较薄弱。在页岩油一般特征分析的基础上，结合近年来美国海相页岩油勘探开发实践，总结了国内外在页岩油形成条件、储层特征、成藏机理及评价方法等方面取得的进展和重要认识。对中国和美国页岩油发育特征的系统对比与分析结果表明：我国湖相暗色泥页岩分布广、厚度大、结构复杂，与砂质互层频繁；富有机质泥页岩发育较好， TOC 质量分数一般大于 2% ，但成熟度普遍偏低（ R o 为 0.5%～1.2% ）；细粒碳酸盐和黏土矿物含量较高（质量分数大于 50% ），储集物性较差；页岩油成藏主要受生烃条件（特别是成熟度）和储集条件控制，而在断陷等构造强烈地区还受保存条件的影响；混合岩性型和裂缝型页岩油总体显示好，勘探潜力较大，基质型次之。建议在理论研究基础上，重点在页岩油赋存机理、微观孔隙结构、页岩油滞留成藏机理、构造保存条件、勘探评价体系和资源评价方法等方面展开研究，以期为我国页岩油勘探开发提供指导。

... 据国内外研究报道^[15,16],有机质页岩厚度超过30 m才具有页岩气开发的商业价值 ...

2014

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朱彤, 曹艳, 张快. 美国典型页岩气藏类型及勘探开发启示[J]. 石油实验地质, 2014, 36(6): 718-724.

Through the comparative studies on the geological parameters of typical shale gas reservoirs, according to lithologic combination, reservoir pressure and shale mineral composition, the typical shale gas reservoirs in USA are divided into three categories: the layered ordinary-overpressure siliceous shale type (taking Barnett as the representative), the layered super-high pressure siliceous-calcium shale type (taking Haynesville as the representative) and the interbedded super-high pressure calcium shale type (taking Eagle Ford as the representative). Compared to those in USA, the shale gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin and the surrounding area are featured by multiple fields, layers and types. They are also divided into three categories: layered ordinary-low overpressure siliceous shale type on basin margin (taking Pengshui and Zhaotong Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation shale as the representative), layered super-high pressure siliceous shale type inside basin (taking Fuling, Changning and Fushun Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation shale as the representative), interbedded super-high pressure calcium-clay shale type inside basin (taking Fuling and Yuanba Da'anzhai segment as the representative). Learned from the successful exploration and development experience of similar shale gas reservoirs in USA, targeting to carry out development and engineering technology research and economic evaluation of different type shale gas reservoirs, this is the key to realize the effective development of multiple type shale gas reservoirs in China.

1. Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China; 2. College of Energy Resources, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China

通过对比研究,按照岩性组合、气藏压力和页岩矿物组成3个关键参数,将美国典型页岩气藏划分为层状常压—低超压硅质页岩型(Barnett页岩)、层状超高压硅质—钙质页岩型(Haynesville页岩)和互层状超高压钙质页岩型(Eagle Ford页岩)3类。与美国页岩气藏相比,四川盆地及周缘页岩气具有多领域、多层系、多类型的特点,可划分为盆缘层状常压—低超压硅质页岩型(彭水、昭通五峰—龙马溪组页岩)、盆内层状超高压硅质页岩型(涪陵、长宁、富顺五峰—龙马溪组页岩)、盆内互层状超高压钙质—黏土质页岩型(涪陵、元坝大安寨段页岩)3大类。借鉴美国的成功经验,开展与之相适应的页岩气开发工程技术对策和经济评价,是实现中国多类型页岩气藏商业性开发的关键。

... 据国内外研究报道^[15,16],有机质页岩厚度超过30 m才具有页岩气开发的商业价值 ...

2016

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... m²)^[17] ...