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2019 Vol. 6, No. 6
Published: 2019-12-20
 
1 Progresses and main achievements on bulk lacking minerals and strategic emerging industry minerals survey project
WANG Denghong, ZHENG Mianping, WANG Chenghui, GAO Shuxue, SHANG Pengqiang, YANG Xianzhong, FAN Xingtao, SUN Yan
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.06.01
Potassium salt is a major short mineral resource related to national economy and social development. The rare metals, rare earth metals, scattered metals, fluorite, crystalline graphite and diamond are considered as strategic emerging minerals at home and abroad. China Geological Survey established “Bulk Lacking Minerals and Strategic Emerging Industry Minerals Survey Project” according to national need. The target of this project is to ascertain the potential of major resources and achieve breakthroughs in ore prospecting, with mineral survey, and the deployment principle of this project is five-in-one. The metallogenetic regularity and prospecting method of related minerals in big national resource base of key region and key ore concentration area are innovated, and the comprehensive application of mineral resources are studied. Through three years of hard work, a number of prospecting achievements are achieved and metallogenic theories are enriched. Besides, the prospecting methods are innovated in this project. These achievements supported the national poverty alleviation in southern Jiangxi and western Fujian and promoted the economic development of the western Sichuan, which have positive effect on national agriculture safety and development of strategic emerging industry minerals. The abstract has shown the new progress in potassium salt prospecting, three-rare metal investigation in South China, huge lithium mineral base construction in West Sichuan and extra-large scaly graphite prospecting in Qitai of Xinjiang. And the progress of metallogenetic regularity research, metallogenetic model construction, target optimization and technology combination were introduced, including critical minerals of three-rare metal, scaly graphite and fluorite in South China, North China and the Midwest of China. The demonstration of public foundation survey was also mentioned in this abstract. The metallogenetic regularity and prospecting model of two-floors in potassium salt and five-floors plus basement in lithium were improved. 40 targets, 14 mineral bases, 2 big resource bases were newly discovered. And some additional resources were discovered, with the KCl resource of 0.35 billion ton, the pegmatite lithium of 0.317 5 million ton, the beryllium resource of 16 thousand ton, the graphite of 73.78 million ton, the veined quartz of 0.56 million ton, fluorite of 11.59 million ton, diamond of 22.9 thousand carats, heavy rare earth of 0.12 million ton, and lithium of 0.38 million ton. The progress and achievements in this project have important effect on national resource security and development of strategic emerging industries.
2019 Vol. 6 (6): 1-11 [Abstract] ( 353 ) RICH HTML PDF (3515 KB)  ( 394 )
12 Review of mineralogy, inclusion and carbon stable isotopic studies of diamond
YANG Xianzhong, YUAN Xueyin, WANG Jun, CAI Yitao, KANG Congxuan
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.06.02
Diamond is one of the hardest minerals on earth, and its formation environment is quite demanding. The mineralogical features, inclusion characteristics and carbon stable isotope composition of diamond record the information of temperature, pressure and material composition in the geological process of diamond growth, erosion and transportation. Therefore, the characteristics of mineralogy, inclusion and carbon stable isotope are the important research objects for exploring the diamond material source, formation processes and physicochemical environment in deep earth. The authors summarized the research findings about the characteristics of diamond mineralogy, inclusion and carbon stable isotope at home and abroad. The results show that the diamond source can be roughly distinguished by the diamond crystal types and combination as well as diamond colors. The diamond surface feature is an important distinguishable characteristic between primary diamond and placer diamond. The research on diamond inclusion types and combination, inclusion chronology and carbon stable isotope can be used to analyze the diamond material source and physicochemical environment in deep earth, and determine the diamond formation period. This research can provide important information for the study of diamond genesis, deep process of lithospheric mantle and crust-mantle interaction.
2019 Vol. 6 (6): 12-18 [Abstract] ( 387 ) RICH HTML PDF (1273 KB)  ( 330 )
19 Relationship between Yanshanian magmatic activity and rare metal mineralization in Mufushan area of Northeast Hunan
WEN Chunhua, LUO Xiaoya, CHEN Jianfeng, LIN Bihai, LI Shengmiao
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.06.03
The big rare metal deposits, such as Chuanziyuan (Li ore and Nb-Ta ore), Liren (Nb-Ta ore) and Huxingshan (W ore and Be ore), are distributed in Mufushan area of Northeast Hunan, and this area is an important pegmatite-type rare metal deposits ore-concentrated area. According to the chronological and petrogeochemical characteristics of granite and pegmatite in Mufushan area, the authors discussed the relationship between Yanshanian magmatic activity and rare metal mineralization. The results show that the magmatic activity lasted from Jurassic (154 Ma) to Cretaceous (92 Ma), and complex granite bodies and pegmatite veins have been formed, with lithologic zonation characteristics in pegmatite veins. The ore-forming age of pegmatite (130~127 Ma) is similar to the rock-forming age of mica monzonitic granite (137~129 Ma), and the mineralization of pegmatite is closely related to the high differentiation evolution of magma. The lithologic zonation characteristics in pegmatite veins are affected by the ore-forming fluid temperature, and the temperature in pegmatite decreased with the increase of distance from the rock body. Therefore, the circular distribution pattern has been formed form the rook body, with a sequence order of the pegmatite-type Bb ore belt lin the rock body→the pegmatite-type Nb-Ta ore belt (0~3 km)→the pegmatite-type Li-Nb-Ta ore belt (3~5 km)→the quartz vein type Be ore belt.
2019 Vol. 6 (6): 19-28 [Abstract] ( 312 ) RICH HTML PDF (7000 KB)  ( 208 )
29 Geochemical characteristics and genesis analysis of Songshugou graphite deposit in Shangyi County of Hebei Province
WANG Guang, QI Xinguo, FU Maoying, TIAN Tengfei
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.06.04
On the basis of the geochemical characteristics data of Songshugou graphite deposit in Shangyi County of Hebei Province, the authors analyzed the metallogenic environment and genesis of the deposit by comparing these with Xinghe graphite deposit. The results of petrological and geochemical analysis show that Songshugou graphite deposit is hosted in lower Baiyao Formation of Jining Group. The ore type is biotite plagioclase granular rock graphite, and the industrial type is crystalline flake graphite. The lithogeochemical characteristics show high silicon, high alumina and low alkali features of khondalite. The primary rocks were formed in an oxygen-deficient weak reduction environment with negative europium anomaly. The metamorphic primary rocks are carbonaceous and alumina-rich argillaceous clastic rocks, and the sedimentary environment of the primary rocks is generally a quasi-stable geographic environment, forming crystalline graphite deposits through regional metamorphism. The research of geological characteristics and regional metallogenic regularity of Songshugou graphite deposit is of great significance for regional prospecting work.
2019 Vol. 6 (6): 29-34 [Abstract] ( 310 ) RICH HTML PDF (3103 KB)  ( 163 )
35 Mineralization comparisons of the major pegmatite type spodumene deposits and their prospecting potential in West China
TU Qijun, LI Jiankang, WANG Gang, MA Hongchao
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.06.05
This paper aims at exploring the metallogenic background and characteristics of pegmatite type lithium deposits and guiding the exploration and evaluation of rare metal mineral resources including Li and Be in West China in the future. The authors summarized the metallogenic characteristics of several major large-scale and superlarge pegmatite type spodumene deposits in West China, and briefly compared the metallogenic background and characteristics of these deposits. The results show that the pegmatite type spodumene deposits in West China are located in similar geotectonic positions, mostly in the fold orogenic belts, with centralized zonation distribution. The rare metal mineralization was all developed in the pegmatite vein in the late magmatic rock, and the surrounding rocks were a set of metamorphic sandstone, slate and schist. The ore-bearing properties of pegmatite vein are also related with the structural fractures and closure conditions. The metallogenic epoch is from late Indosinian to early Yanshanian, and spodumene-bearing deposits in different areas also show their particularities. For example, the mineral assemblage of Keotohai is the most complex, and followed by Jiajika. In the future, the exploration should focus on the lithium metallogenic belt, and the pegmatite type lithium deposit should be the primary exploration object. Meanwhile, we should take the existing typical deposits as the model to find the most effective combination of prospecting technology and methods according to local conditions, to provide a basis for further prospecting.
2019 Vol. 6 (6): 35-47 [Abstract] ( 321 ) RICH HTML PDF (18346 KB)  ( 460 )
48 Metallogenic model and prospecting pattern of graphite deposits in Bashang area of Northwest Hebei
QI Xinguo, WANG Guang, FU Maoying, ZHANG Yanbo
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.06.06
On the basis of the comprehensive analysis of regional geological background, ore-bearing belts, ore body, ore-bearing formation, modification and deformation, as well as migmatization, the authors summarized the metallogenic characteristics of graphite deposits in Bashang area of Northwest Hebei. Through the comparison between typical regional metamorphic graphite deposits and adjacent graphite deposits in the same metallogenic belt, on the basis of the evolution law of regional tectonics, the authors summarized the metallogenic model of graphite deposits in this area. According to the “trinity” prospecting theory, they summarized the metallogenic characteristics of geological bodies, structures and graphite deposits in this area, and built the comprehensive prospecting pattern of crystalline graphite deposits. The graphite deposits in this area are stratiform, and exist in the graphite-bearing granulite of Hongqiyingzi rock group. The distribution of metallogenic belt is controlled by large-scale compound folds. The sedimentary period of ore-bearing formation is early Paleoproterozoic, and the metamorphic metallogenic period is middle Paleoproterozoic. The metamorphic degree is amphibolite facies, and the genetic type belongs to a regional metamorphic type. Because the study area is in a shallow-covered condition, the geophysical anomaly of “low resistivity-high polarization” is an important geophysical prospecting indicator. It is a rapid and effective method to explore the graphite deposits in this area by means of geology-geophysics-drilling combination.
2019 Vol. 6 (6): 48-55 [Abstract] ( 322 ) RICH HTML PDF (3603 KB)  ( 283 )
56 Discovery of diamond-bearing sedimentary tuff and its prospecting significance in Ligonggang area of Taoyuan County, Hunan Province
YANG Xianzhong, CAI Yitao, KANG Congxuan, HUANG Guangzhao, LI Shuai, XIANG Hua
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.06.07
Diamonds have been picked out from the gray-green and purple-red sedimentary interlayer of the Cretaceous sedimentary red basin in Ligonggang area of Taoyuan County, Hunan Province. Taking the gray-green rock as the research object, the authors determined the rock name and the property of garnet and mica in rock through thin section identification and electron probe analysis. Under the microscope, the gray-green rock has a tuffaceous structure, and it is composed of 45% crystal fragments, 35% rock cuttings and 20% vitric fragments, which is the typical sedimentary tuff rather than the kimberlite identified by predecessors. The garnet and mica in sedimentary tuff are respectively G10 pyrope and phlogopite. The chemical composition characteristics of G10 pyrope and phlogopite are similar to the diamond-bearing kimberlite of typical rock tubes from Liaoning, Shandong and South Africa, which indicates that pyrope and phlogopite are from the diamond-bearing kimberlite. The characteristics of the sedimentary tuff indicate that the tuffaceous substance source is not too far, which lays a foundation for finding volcanic edifice in the neighborhood. The discovery of kimberly rock cuttings, G10 pyrope and phlogopite provides valuable information for searching the primary kimberlite in the surrounding areas.
2019 Vol. 6 (6): 56-62 [Abstract] ( 284 ) RICH HTML PDF (3534 KB)  ( 149 )
63 Metallogenic conditions analysis and prospecting direction study in Kangbao area of Northwest Hebei
FAN Yupeng, SUN Zhiwei, ZHANG Xingkang, LI Siwei
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.06.08
With the rapid development of high-tech industry and strategic emerging industry, the demand for new materials and minerals is great. Major countries in the world, including China, have formulated strategic mineral catalogues in line with their own interests and development. Kangbao County is a hot prospecting area in Hebei Province at present, and it is particularly important to study the metallogenic conditions and determine the prospecting direction for improving prospecting efficiency and results. By ascertaining the positional relation between the study area and the major metallogenic belts in China, the authors pointed out that the study area is located in the conjunction zone of multifarious minerals concentration areas. Through comparing and analyzing the metallogenic conditions of graphite, rare metals, fluorite and quartzite and the geological background of the study area, the authors considered that the metallogenic geological conditions in this area are superior. By the field geological survey, they found that the mineralization of the minerals mentioned above is strong, geophysical and geochemical anomalies are obvious, and the ore-forming prospects are great. In view of the prospecting direction in the future, this paper provides specific suggestions: ①the graphite investigation should mainly focus on Dongjingzi Formation and Sanxiatian Formation; ②the rare metals investigation should focus on Hercynian alkaline granite; ③fluorite exploration should be combined with geological background and geochemical anomalies to optimize the overall survey area; ④the high quality quartzite investigation should focus on Gejiaying Formation and Sanxiatian Formation.
2019 Vol. 6 (6): 63-71 [Abstract] ( 406 ) RICH HTML PDF (5779 KB)  ( 353 )
72 Geological characteristics and prospecting potential of Huangniuping beryllium deposit in Jiulong of West Sichuan
WANG Wei, LIU Tuqiang, YUAN Linping, LIU Shanbao, YU Yang, LIU Lijun, LV Bingting, ZHENG Xiaogang, DAI Hongzhang
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.06.09
Through the comprehensive geological survey in Sanchahe area of Jiulong, Western Sichuan, the authors found that there was a good beryllium mineralization belt near the contact zone between Qiaopengzi rock mass and Triassic surrounding rocks. Four beryllium ore bodies were initially identified in NNW direction, extending along the contact zone of the rock mass. BeO grade can reach up to 0.698%, and the preliminarily predicted BeO resources can be of large scale. The ore mineral is mainly beryl, and the main surrounding rock alteration is tourmaline alteration. The top of the granite mass is also an important metallogenic location of the pegmatite-bearing rock. Remote sensing technology was used in the field of ore prospecting to recognize anomalies, and then large-scale recourse on remote sensing anomalies were carried out. Besides, further engineering methods were used for verification. The results show that the lithium and beryllium anomalies of water sediments in Jiulong area are high, with high matching degree of regional geological conditions. On the periphery of the study area, there is Daqianggou lithium-beryllium deposit in the east, and in the south a large number of spodumene-bearing pegmatites were traced in Wulaxi area, indicating that this area has good metallogenic conditions and prospecting potential.
2019 Vol. 6 (6): 72-78 [Abstract] ( 306 ) RICH HTML PDF (2724 KB)  ( 207 )
79 Geological characteristics and genesis analysis of fluorite deposits in Harqin Banner area of Inner Mongolia
ZHANG Chengxin, SHANG Pengqiang, JIAO Sen, WEI Longfei, ZHAO Han, JIANG Zhenning, CAO Guangyuan, DAI Xiaoguang, WANG Yanchao
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.06.10
In order to further clarify the genesis of the fluorite deposit in Harqin Banner of Inner Mongolia, and to provide theoretical guidance for the exploration of regional fluorite deposits, the authors discussed the genesis and metallogenic source of fluorite deposits by analyzing the geochemical characters of trace and rare earth elements of fluorite ores and surrounding rocks in typical fluorite deposits, on the basis of systematically summing up the geological characteristics and distribution regulars of fluorite deposits. The content of Cu, Pb and Zn in fluorite is relatively low, and the light rare earth elements(LREEs) are slightly-enriched, with relatively low content of rare earth elements(REEs). It indicates that the fluorite ore-forming fluid in this area is less likely to be of post-magmatic hydrothermal origin. The chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns of fluorite ores and ore-bearing surrounding rock are similar and synchronous. When the surrounding rock is biotite-monzonitic granite, the REE distribution curves of fluorite and surrounding rock ore in good agreement with these of biotite in South China, indicating that the REEs in fluorite may mainly come from the destroyed biotite. It indicates that this kind of fluorite ore-forming material mainly comes from leaching and extraction of surrounding rock by geothermal water fluid. Combining with the research results of H-O and S isotopes of fluorite deposits in Linxi area in the northern part of the study area, the authors think that the genetic type of fluorite deposits in Harqin Banner area is a hydrothermal vein filling type with atmospheric rainfall.
2019 Vol. 6 (6): 79-87 [Abstract] ( 359 ) RICH HTML PDF (6340 KB)  ( 193 )
88 Salt basin gravity exploration and enlightenment of deep potassium ore prospecting in Jiangcheng area of Yunnan Province
LIU Ying, ZHENG Mianping, YU Changqing, ZHANG Zhen, GAO Lei
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.06.11
Mengyejing salt mine in Jiangcheng of Yunnan Province is the only solid potash deposit founded in China. The geological structure is relatively complex in this area. Through geological,geophysical and drilling exploration, the authors thought potash beds were squeezed up to the surface layer, along with the faults from the deep Jurassic potassic rocks, and there may be salt sources or more large ores under the deposit. In order to realize the ore exploration breakthrough, the deep structure and characteristics and 3D structure model of salt rocks need studying. The basement changes and fault distribution of the Jiangcheng basin were obtained using potential field separation, multi-scale edge detection and 3D physical inversion to process and interpret the high precision gravity data. And other information such as the structural framework, 3D distribution of density of underground body and the relationship with salt mine distribution was also obtained. The authors deduce that there may be salt mine and potassic salt ores below the deep northwestern Mengyejing ore field, so this area should be the key area for the following exploration of potassic salt. These results will provide clues and direction for Jiangcheng potassic prospecting in future.
2019 Vol. 6 (6): 88-97 [Abstract] ( 298 ) RICH HTML PDF (8202 KB)  ( 301 )
98 Application of the prospecting method of geophysical and geochemical integrated information in the exploration of fluorite deposits
LI Kekun, CHEN Xinli, SHANG Pengqiang, YU Xueliang, HAN Zhikun, WEI Fanchao, LIU Zengzheng
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.06.12
Guangze area is an important fluorite deposit metallogenic prospective area in North Fujian, with great potential of prospecting the concealed-semi-concealed fluorite deposits. But, until now, the exploration of this kind of fluorite deposits is not effective in this area. In this paper, the authors discussed the combination of effective geophysical and geochemical prospecting methods in exploration of these fluorite deposits in No. 1 prospective area in Guangze area. The results show that the integrated elemental anomalies (e.g. F, Ca), through regional stream sediments and large-scale geochemical exploration, can be used to screen and confirm the prospecting target area of fluorite deposits. The combination of high precision magnetic survey and apparent resistivity joint section can further determine the location and scale of the controlling structure of fluorite deposits. Besides, the high-density resistivity can ascertain the deep extension of ore-controlling structures. The integrated information of geophysical and geochemical prospecting, such as regional geochemical prospecting, high precision magnetic survey, apparent resistivity joint section and high-density resistivity can be used to detect the concealed-semi-concealed fluorite deposits.
2019 Vol. 6 (6): 98-104 [Abstract] ( 371 ) RICH HTML PDF (5890 KB)  ( 283 )
105 Risk assessment of graphite supply in China
LIU Yanfei, CHEN Zhengguo, YNA Lingya, GAO Shuxue, OUYANG Youhe, DU Yilun, CHEN Junyuan
DOI: 10.19388/j.zgdzdc.2019.06.13
Graphite is an important strategic resource to support the development of strategic emerging industries in the future. Through the data collection of the graphite reserves, production, consumption, trade volume and price, the authors constructed the supply risk assessment system with three dimensions of resource safety, trade safety and market safety. They evaluated the supply risk of graphite resources by calculating the seven indicators, which are resource guarantee level, self-sufficiency ratio, proportion of import share, risk of importing countries, concentration of importing countries, volatility index of import prices and volatility index of prices. The results show that Chinese graphite supply risk is most affected by market security. Some suggestions can be given, such as establishing large-scale graphite resource reserve institutions and implementing graphite export quota institutions. Utilizing the graphene technology and breaking the technological monopoly of graphite purification and deep processing may contribute to Chinese graphite industry development and promote the transformation from graphite resource big country to graphite resource powerful country.
2019 Vol. 6 (6): 105-111 [Abstract] ( 346 ) RICH HTML PDF (4130 KB)  ( 209 )
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